Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a vital role in healthcare by monitoring the safety of medicines and ensuring that their benefits outweigh any potential risks. It is a scientific discipline that involves the collection, detection, assessment, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems. The goal of pharmacovigilance is to enhance patient safety by…
Aim: Effect of spasmogens and spasmolytics using rabbit jejunum References 1. Goyal, R. K., & Hirano, I. (1996). “Gut motility and regulatory mechanisms.” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 22(4), 293-310. 2. Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., & Moore, P. K. (2011). “Pharmacology” (7th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Tripathi, K. D. (2019). “Essentials…
Aim: Determination of PDâ‚‚ Value using Guinea Pig Ileum References: 1. Gaddum, J.H. (1957). “Theories of Drug Antagonism.” Pharmacological Reviews, 9(3), 211-218. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., & Henderson, G. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology. 8th edition. Elsevier. Objective: To determine the PDâ‚‚ value of an antagonist using the guinea pig…
Aim: Determination of pAâ‚‚ Value of Prazosin Using Rat Anococcygeus Muscle (Schild Plot Method) References 1. Arunlakshana, O., & Schild, H.O. (1959). Some quantitative uses of drug antagonists. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, 14(1), 48-58. 2. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 3. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter,…
Aim: Bioassay of Acetylcholine Using Rat Ileum or Colon by Four-Point Bioassay References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of acetylcholine on the…
Aim: Bioassay of Serotonin Using Rat Fundus Strip by Three-Point Bioassay References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of serotonin on the rat…
Aim: Bioassay of Oxytocin Using Rat Uterine Horn by Interpolation Method References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of oxytocin on the rat…
1. In-Process Quality Control (IPQC) Tests for Capsules In-process quality control tests are performed during different stages of manufacturing to monitor the product and ensure consistency. These tests help in identifying and correcting deviations before the final product stage. 1.1 Weight Variation Test Purpose: To ensure consistent dosage of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in…
Hard gelatin capsules are a popular solid dosage form, consisting of two parts: a body and a cap. These capsules are primarily composed of gelatin, which acts as the capsule shell, providing an efficient medium for delivering powdered, granulated, or semi-solid drugs. Filling of Hard Gelatin Capsules The filling process for hard gelatin capsules can…
Capsule Sizes: Capsules are a common dosage form in pharmaceuticals, offering flexibility for delivering various active ingredients. Capsules come in a range of sizes to accommodate different dosages, allowing pharmaceutical manufacturers to select the best option based on the volume and weight of the formulation. Understanding capsule sizes is essential for proper dosage and patient…
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