The Rh factor, also known as the Rhesus factor, is an important antigen found on the surface of red blood cells. It plays a crucial role in blood transfusion compatibility and maternal-fetal medicine. First discovered in 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener, the Rh factor is named after the Rhesus monkey, in which…
Previous 5 Years’ Question Papers Are you gearing up for your Human Anatomy and Physiology-I external exams? Wondering how to prepare effectively and secure the best marks? We’ve got you covered! One of the smartest ways to excel in exams is by analyzing previous years’ question papers and preparing from well-structured notes. This strategy helps…
The Naranjo Algorithm, developed in 1981 by Naranjo et al., is a structured, questionnaire-based tool used to assess the probability that a drug caused an adverse drug reaction (ADR). It is widely used in pharmacovigilance and clinical research to standardize causality assessment. Structure of the Naranjo Algorithm The Naranjo algorithm consists of 10 questions, each…
Introduction to Causality assessment Causality assessment is a critical process in pharmacovigilance aimed at determining whether a specific drug is responsible for an observed adverse drug reaction (ADR). It helps in identifying the strength of the relationship between drug exposure and the adverse event. Causality assessment is complex, as multiple factors like the patient’s condition,…
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are an essential aspect of drug safety monitoring and are critical for ensuring the safe use of medicines. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an ADR is defined as any unintended, harmful reaction to a drug administered at normal doses for prevention, diagnosis, or treatment. The detection and reporting of…
Aim: Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) References: 1. Bull, B. S., & Brecher, G. (2005). Clinical Hematology: Principles, Procedures, Correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2. Lewis, S. M., Bain, B. J., & Bates, I. (2006). Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. Churchill Livingstone. 3. International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) Guidelines for ESR measurement….
Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a vital role in healthcare by monitoring the safety of medicines and ensuring that their benefits outweigh any potential risks. It is a scientific discipline that involves the collection, detection, assessment, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems. The goal of pharmacovigilance is to enhance patient safety by…
Aim: Effect of spasmogens and spasmolytics using rabbit jejunum References 1. Goyal, R. K., & Hirano, I. (1996). “Gut motility and regulatory mechanisms.” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 22(4), 293-310. 2. Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., & Moore, P. K. (2011). “Pharmacology” (7th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Tripathi, K. D. (2019). “Essentials…
Aim: Determination of PD₂ Value using Guinea Pig Ileum References: 1. Gaddum, J.H. (1957). “Theories of Drug Antagonism.” Pharmacological Reviews, 9(3), 211-218. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., & Henderson, G. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology. 8th edition. Elsevier. Objective: To determine the PD₂ value of an antagonist using the guinea pig…
Aim: Determination of pA₂ Value of Prazosin Using Rat Anococcygeus Muscle (Schild Plot Method) References 1. Arunlakshana, O., & Schild, H.O. (1959). Some quantitative uses of drug antagonists. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, 14(1), 48-58. 2. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 3. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter,…