Estimation of Magnesium Sulphate and Calcium Gluconate: Complexometric titration is a volumetric analytical method in which a metal ion reacts with a complex-forming reagent to produce a stable coordination complex. The most commonly used complexing agent is disodium EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Both magnesium sulphate and calcium gluconate contain metal ions that can be quantitatively estimated…
Preparation and Standardization of Disodium EDTA: Disodium EDTA (Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate) is an important complexing agent used in complexometric titrations for the quantitative estimation of metal ions such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺. Its commonly used form is: Disodium EDTA dihydrateFormula: Na₂H₂Y·2H₂OMolecular weight: 372.24 g/mol 2. Preparation of 0.05 M Disodium EDTA Solution Materials…
Complexometric Titrations: Complexometric titration is a type of volumetric analysis in which a metal ion reacts with a suitable complexing agent to form a stable, soluble and usually water-soluble coordination complex. The most commonly used complexing agent is EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). General reaction Mn+ + Y4− → MY(n−4)− Where: EDTA generally reacts with metal ions…
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DNA barcoding is a modern molecular technique used for the identification and authentication of biological species by analyzing a short, standardized region of DNA called a DNA barcode. In pharmacognosy, DNA barcoding is particularly useful for identifying medicinal plants and crude drugs, especially when the drug is: Simple definition ⭐ DNA barcoding is a molecular…
Physicochemical Parameters Used in Evaluation of Drugs: Physicochemical parameters are measurable physical and chemical properties used to determine the identity, purity, quality, strength, and stability of crude drugs and natural products. These parameters are very important in Pharmacognosy because they help in: The important physicochemical parameters are: 1. Extractive Values Extractive value is the amount…
Evaluation of Drugs: Evaluation of drugs means the process of determining the identity, purity, quality, strength, safety and efficacy of a drug. In pharmacognosy, evaluation is especially important for crude drugs of natural origin because their quality can vary depending on the plant source, geographical area, collection time, storage conditions, and processing. The main methods…
Adulteration of Drugs of Natural Origin: Adulteration means replacing a genuine drug, either completely or partially, with another substance that is inferior in quality, harmful, cheaper, or different from the original drug. Drugs of natural origin are obtained from plants, animals, minerals, and other natural sources. Examples include crude drugs such as Senna, Digitalis, Clove,…
Culturally Appropriate and Inclusive Communication in Healthcare: Culturally appropriate and inclusive communication means communicating with patients by respecting their cultural background, beliefs, language, values, gender, and individual needs. It involves avoiding discrimination and using clear, respectful, and understandable language so that every patient feels valued, understood, included, and comfortable in receiving healthcare. Culturally Appropriate and…
Active Listening Questioning Techniques and Empathy in Healthcare Communication: Active listening, questioning techniques, and empathy are important communication skills in healthcare that help professionals understand patients, collect accurate information, identify their needs, and respond with care, respect, and understanding. These skills help build trust and a positive relationship between the patient and healthcare provider. Effective…