A wholesale drug store is an integral part of the pharmaceutical supply chain, serving as a link between manufacturers and retail pharmacies, hospitals, and other healthcare providers. The organization and structure of wholesale drug stores ensure efficient storage, management, and distribution of medications in bulk. Organization Structure of a Wholesale …
Organization and Structure of a Retail Drug Store
Community pharmacy refers to the branch of pharmacy that provides pharmaceutical services to the public, typically through retail drug stores. These establishments ensure the availability of medications, offer healthcare advice, and perform various pharmaceutical functions. The organization and structure of both retail and wholesale drug stores, along with their types …
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reporting and Management
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) reporting and management are critical components of pharmacovigilance, ensuring drug safety by identifying, evaluating, and mitigating risks associated with medications. An ADR is defined as any unintended and harmful response to a drug administered at normal doses for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention. ADR Reporting ADR reporting …
Methods for Detecting Drug Interactions
Detecting drug interactions is vital for ensuring patient safety and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. The methods for detecting drug interactions include various proactive and retrospective approaches, such as spontaneous case reporting and record linkage studies. 1. Spontaneous Case Reports Spontaneous case reporting is a system where healthcare professionals, patients, or pharmaceutical …
Drug interaction: Beneficial interactions, adverse interactions, and pharmacokinetic drug interactions
Drug interaction refers to the modification of the effect of one drug by the presence of another drug, food, drink, or environmental chemical. These interactions can enhance or diminish the therapeutic effects of drugs, or cause unexpected side effects. Beneficial Drug Interactions Beneficial interactions occur when the combination of drugs …
Toxicity following sudden withdrawal of drugs
Toxicity following sudden withdrawal of drugs, often referred to as drug withdrawal syndrome, occurs when a person abruptly stops or reduces the dosage of a drug that their body has become physically dependent on. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening reactions. …
Genetically determined toxicity: Definition, Mechanism, and Management
Genetically Determined Toxicity refers to an individual’s genetic makeup, which can influence their susceptibility to drug-induced toxicity. Genetic variations can affect how a person metabolizes, responds to, and clears drugs, resulting in differences in toxicity levels. Certain individuals may have genetic mutations or polymorphisms in specific genes that make them …
Allergic drug reactions: Definition, Mechanism, Clinical Manifestations
Allergic drug reactions are immune-mediated responses that occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly identifies a drug as a harmful substance. These reactions are often the result of a hypersensitive immune response to the drug, which can lead to inflammation, tissue damage, and a variety of clinical manifestations. Unlike idiosyncratic …
Idiosyncrasy: Definition, Characteristics, Cause and Examples
Idiosyncrasy refers to an abnormal, unexpected reaction to a drug that is specific to an individual and does not occur in the general population. Unlike allergic reactions or typical side effects, idiosyncratic responses are often genetically determined and occur in a small number of people who have unique genetic traits …
Secondary pharmacological effects
Secondary pharmacological effects refer to unintended effects that occur as a result of a drug’s action, but not directly related to its primary therapeutic purpose. These effects may be beneficial or harmful and can occur alongside the intended effects when a drug interacts with non-target receptors, tissues, or systems in …
