Sedatives are drugs that depress the central nervous system (CNS), producing a calming or tranquilizing effect, and are used to alleviate anxiety, induce relaxation, promote sleep, and reduce agitation. Sedatives are often prescribed for short-term treatment of anxiety disorders, insomnia, and acute agitation, as well as for preoperative sedation and procedural sedation. They act by … Read more
The General anesthesia is a medical state induced to achieve a reversible loss of consciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and amnesia, enabling surgical procedures or other medical interventions to be performed without causing pain or discomfort to the patient. General anesthesia involves a combination of drugs known as general anesthetics, along with adjunctive medications known as … Read more
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that plays crucial roles in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. It belongs to the catecholamine family of neurotransmitters, along with norepinephrine and epinephrine, and is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. Dopamine is involved in various physiological processes, including motor control, reward, motivation, cognition, emotion, and … Read more
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that plays crucial roles in regulating mood, emotion, cognition, sleep, appetite, and various physiological processes in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan and is widely distributed throughout the body, with the majority of … Read more
Introduction: Glycine is the simplest amino acid in terms of structure and is one of the 20 amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. In addition to its role in protein synthesis, glycine functions as a neurotransmitter and plays important roles in various physiological processes throughout the body. Chemical Structure: Glycine is … Read more
Glutamate is one of the most abundant and important neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). It is an amino acid that serves as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing crucial roles in synaptic transmission, neuronal development, and brain function. Chemical Structure: Glutamate is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula C5H9NO4. Structurally, … Read more
Gamma-aminobutyric acid, commonly referred to as GABA, is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals, including humans. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. Chemical Structure: GABA is a non-protein amino acid with the chemical formula C4H9NO2. Structurally, it is derived from the neurotransmitter … Read more
Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) involves the communication between neurons and other cells (such as glial cells) through the release and reception of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This intricate process is fundamental for various physiological functions, including sensory perception, motor control, cognition, and emotional regulation. Understanding neurohumoral transmission is crucial … Read more
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs involves the precise measurement and analysis of microscopic features of botanical materials to assess their quality, authenticity, and purity. The camera lucida method is an essential tool in this process, allowing for the accurate projection and tracing of microscopic images onto paper, which facilitates the creation of diagrams to scale. … Read more
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs, specifically employing the leaf constant method, is a valuable technique used in pharmaceutical analysis to assess the botanical identity, authenticity, and quality of herbal medicines and natural products. The leaf constant method involves the measurement and analysis of specific leaf parameters, such as stomatal length, stomatal width, vein density, and … Read more
