Unit 2

Molecular Distillation: Basic Principles and Methodology

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Introduction Molecular distillation is an advanced separation technique employed for the purification and separation of complex mixtures, particularly in applications requiring the distillation of high-boiling and heat-sensitive compounds. This method operates under high vacuum conditions, minimizing the temperature required for distillation and reducing the potential for thermal degradation. The basic principles and methodology of molecular … Read more

Steam Distillation: Basic Principles and Methodology

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Introduction Steam distillation is a specialized form of distillation that utilizes steam to separate volatile components from non-volatile compounds, particularly in the extraction of essential oils from plants. The basic principles and methodology of steam distillation involve the use of steam to carry the volatile compounds into the vapor phase while minimizing the thermal degradation … Read more

Distillation under Reduced Pressure: Basic Principles and Methodology

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Introduction Distillation under reduced pressure, often referred to as vacuum distillation, is a process that involves the distillation of liquids at pressures lower than atmospheric pressure. This method is particularly useful for separating components with high boiling points or those prone to thermal degradation at elevated temperatures. The basic principles and methodology of distillation under … Read more

Fractional Distillation: Basic Principles and Methodology

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Introduction to Fractional Distillation Fractional distillation is an advanced separation technique that refines the principles of simple distillation. It is employed to separate components in a liquid mixture based on their boiling points by utilizing a fractionating column, which enhances the separation efficiency. This process is crucial in the production of high-purity substances and is … Read more

Flash Distillation: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits

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Introduction to Flash Distillation Flash distillation is a widely used separation process in chemical engineering, particularly in the petrochemical and oil industries. It is a continuous separation technique that exploits the differences in boiling points of components in a liquid mixture, creating a vapor-liquid equilibrium at reduced pressures. Basic Principles of Flash Distillation a. Phase … Read more

Distillation: Basic Principles and Methodology of Simple Distillation

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1. Introduction to Distillation Distillation is a separation process that exploits differences in the volatility of components in a liquid mixture. It is commonly used for purifying liquids, separating components based on their boiling points. The basic principle involves heating the liquid mixture to create vapor and then cooling the vapor to collect the separated … Read more

Multiple Effect Evaporator: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, Demerits, and Economy

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1. Principles: A multiple-effect evaporator is a thermal processing unit designed to efficiently evaporate water or other solvents from a liquid by utilizing the heat from multiple sources. The principle involves the use of multiple evaporator vessels, each operating at a progressively lower temperature and pressure, creating a cascading effect that enhances energy efficiency. 2. … Read more

Forced Circulation Evaporator: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits

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1. Principles: In a forced circulation evaporator, the liquid to be evaporated is actively pumped through the heat exchanger tubes at a velocity high enough to prevent boiling on the tubes’ surfaces. This design ensures rapid circulation, promoting efficient heat transfer and evaporation. 2. Construction: a. Pump: – A pump is used to force the … Read more

Horizontal Tube Evaporator: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits

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1. Principles of Horizontal Tube Evaporator A horizontal tube evaporator is a type of heat exchanger that employs the principles of evaporation to concentrate a liquid solution. It operates by passing the solution through a series of horizontal tubes while steam is condensed on the outer surface of the tubes, transferring heat to the solution … Read more

Steam Jacketed Kettle: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits

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1. Principles of Steam Jacketed Kettle A steam jacketed kettle is a cooking vessel designed for the efficient and uniform heating of food products. It operates on the principle of indirect heating, where steam is circulated in the space between the inner and outer walls of the kettle, transferring heat to the contents inside. 2. … Read more

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