Antidiuretics are pharmacological agents that reduce urine formation by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. These agents conserve body water and are essential in the treatment of conditions like diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, and some forms of hypotension. The primary natural antidiuretic hormone in the body is vasopressin (ADH), secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. … Read more
Diuretics are pharmacological agents that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes (primarily sodium and chloride) from the body via the kidneys, increasing urine output. They are primarily used in the management of hypertension, edematous states (such as congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome), and certain renal disorders. By altering renal sodium handling, … Read more
Plasma volume expanders are a diverse group of pharmacological agents and intravenous solutions used to restore and maintain the circulating blood volume, especially in cases of hypovolemia due to trauma, hemorrhage, burns, shock, or surgical procedures. They act by increasing plasma osmotic or oncotic pressure, thereby drawing fluid from the interstitial and intracellular spaces into … Read more
Definition Anti-platelet drugs, also known as platelet aggregation inhibitors, are pharmacological agents that interfere with platelet activation and aggregation—key processes in the formation of blood clots (thrombi). Unlike anticoagulants, which act on the coagulation cascade, anti-platelet agents primarily act by inhibiting platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, thereby reducing the risk of arterial thrombotic events such … Read more
Fibrinolytics, also known as thrombolytic agents or clot-busting drugs, are a class of drugs that dissolve blood clots by breaking down fibrin, the structural protein of clots. They work by activating plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades fibrin and helps restore normal blood flow. These agents are commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as … Read more
Anticoagulants are drugs or chemical substances that prevent or reduce blood coagulation, thereby inhibiting the formation of blood clots (thrombi). They are commonly used to treat or prevent conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation or other clotting disorders. Examples include heparin, warfarin, and direct oral … Read more
Hematinics are agents that improve the quality and quantity of red blood cells and are used primarily in the treatment of anemia. Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells, which impairs the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Hematinics can be used to address various types … Read more
Drug therapy for shock Drug therapy for shock: Shock is a severe and life-threatening medical condition marked by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, leading to impaired cellular metabolism and dysfunction. It results from a critical failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate blood flow to the body’s vital organs, such as the brain, heart, … Read more
