The spinal cord is a cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is encased within the vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae. The structure of the spinal cord can be divided into several regions: 1. Gray Matter: – Located centrally and has a … Read more
The brain is a complex organ with various structures that work together to regulate numerous physiological and cognitive functions. It is broadly divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. Each of these structures has distinct anatomical features and functions. 1. Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest and most prominent … Read more
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, encased in protective layers and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Understanding the anatomy and functions of the meninges, ventricles of the brain, and CSF is crucial for comprehending CNS health, pathology, and therapeutic interventions. 1. Meninges: The meninges are three protective layers surrounding the … Read more
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in transmitting signals across synapses in the nervous system. These signaling molecules transmit information from one neuron to another or from neurons to target cells (e.g., muscles or glands). Neurotransmitters can be classified based on various criteria, and each type has specific properties. Here’s a classification … Read more
A synapse is a specialized junction that allows communication between neurons or between a neuron and its target cell, such as a muscle or gland. Synapses play a critical role in transmitting signals within the nervous system. They can be classified based on various criteria, and each type has distinct properties. Here’s a classification and … Read more
Receptors can be classified based on various criteria, including their location, mechanism of action, and the types of signals to which they respond. Here’s a broad classification and an overview of the properties of receptors: Based on Location 1. Cell Surface Receptors: – Integral Membrane Proteins: Typically span the cell membrane. – Ligand … Read more
An action potential is a rapid and transient change in the membrane potential of a cell, particularly in excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells. This phenomenon is a key mechanism for transmitting signals within the nervous system and initiating muscle contractions. The process of an action potential involves a series of electrical events that … Read more
Electrophysiology is a branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells, tissues, and organs. It involves the measurement and analysis of electrical currents and voltage changes produced by the activities of living cells. In the context of neuroscience and cardiology, electrophysiology plays a crucial role in understanding the electrical activities of neurons … Read more
Nerve fibers, also known as axons, are the long, thread-like projections of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit electrical impulses and information throughout the nervous system. These fibers can be classified based on various criteria, and their properties vary accordingly. Here’s a classification and overview of nerve fibers based on different characteristics: Classification of Nerve Fibers … Read more
Glia, also known as glial cells or neuroglia, play an active role in maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system. Glia, non-neuronal cells, do not generate electrical impulses themselves. The neuroglia definition underscores their contribution to supporting and defending neurons … Read more
