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Ebola Virus Disease: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe and often fatal illness caused by infection with Ebola viruses. It is characterized by fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and in some cases, internal and external bleeding. Causative Agent Ebola virus belongs to the family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus. … Read more

Tuberculosis (TB): Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB can present as either active disease or latent infection, where the bacteria remain dormant in the body without causing symptoms. … Read more

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs): Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) refer to a broad category of infections affecting the respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs. These infections can range from mild, self-limiting illnesses such as the common cold to severe conditions such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Causative Agents Numerous pathogens can cause ARIs, including … Read more

Meningococcal Meningitis: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Meningococcal meningitis is a severe bacterial infection of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus. Meningococcal meningitis can lead to serious complications, including brain damage, hearing loss, and death, if not promptly treated. Causative Agents The primary causative agent … Read more

Whooping Cough: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits followed by a distinctive “whooping” sound as the individual gasps for air. Causative Agents The primary causative agent of whooping cough is Bordetella pertussis, a Gram-negative bacterium. Another species, Bordetella … Read more

Diphtheria: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose, causing a characteristic thick grayish membrane to form in the throat, which can obstruct the airway and lead to serious complications if not treated promptly. Causative Agents Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the bacterium responsible … Read more

Influenza: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can range from mild to severe and can lead to complications, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying health conditions. Causative Agents Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and … Read more

Mumps: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Mumps is a viral infection caused by the mumps virus, which primarily affects the salivary glands, leading to swelling and inflammation. It is typically a childhood illness but can occur in individuals of any age who have not been vaccinated or previously exposed to the virus. Mumps is preventable through vaccination. Causative Agents The mumps … Read more

Rubella: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is usually a mild illness, but it can have serious consequences if contracted by pregnant women, leading to congenital rubella syndrome in the unborn child. Rubella is preventable through vaccination. Causative Agents The rubella virus, a member of the … Read more

Measles: Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists

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Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. It primarily affects children but can occur in people of any age who have not been vaccinated or previously exposed to the virus. Measles is characterized by a distinctive rash, fever, and other symptoms. Causative Agents The measles virus, a member … Read more

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