D.pharma

Eczema: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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 Definition Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis (AD), is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by itchy, red, and dry skin. It commonly begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood, with periods of exacerbation and remission. Eczema is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors.  Etiopathogenesis of Eczema The etiopathogenesis of … Read more

Scabies: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Definition: Scabies is a highly contagious parasitic infestation of the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It is characterized by intense itching and skin rash, primarily affecting areas with thin skin, such as the interdigital spaces of the fingers, wrists, elbows, axillae, waistline, buttocks, and genitalia. Scabies infestation occurs worldwide and can … Read more

Psoriasis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Definition: Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder characterized by well-defined, red, scaly plaques. It is a systemic disease with potential involvement of multiple organ systems, primarily affecting the skin and joints. Psoriasis is considered an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading to rapid turnover of skin … Read more

Osteoarthritis (OA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Definition: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of chronic joint pain and disability. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage within synovial joints, along with changes in the underlying bone and surrounding soft tissues. OA primarily affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, spine, … Read more

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Definition: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints. It is characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of diarthrodial joints, leading to cartilage and bone damage. RA typically affects multiple joints symmetrically and can result in significant disability and systemic complications. Etiopathogenesis: The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not … Read more

Deficiency Diseases of Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins

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Introduction: Deficiency diseases occur when the body does not receive adequate amounts of essential nutrients, leading to impaired physiological functions and the development of specific health conditions. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (B-complex vitamins and vitamin C) are vital for various metabolic processes, and deficiencies in these vitamins can result in … Read more

Recommended Dietary Requirements

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Introduction: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are guidelines established by health organizations to provide individuals with science-based recommendations for nutrient intake to maintain health and prevent deficiencies. These recommendations vary based on factors such as age, gender, life stage, and physiological conditions. This detailed note aims to provide an in-depth overview … Read more

Comprehensive Overview of Vitamins: Sources, Chemical Nature, Functions, and Coenzyme Roles

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Introduction: Vitamins are essential organic compounds that play pivotal roles in various biochemical processes within the body. They are crucial for maintaining overall health, supporting growth, metabolism, and physiological functions. This detailed note aims to provide an extensive overview of vitamins, including their sources, chemical nature, functions, and roles as coenzymes in enzymatic reactions. Sources … Read more

Vitamins: Definition, Classification, and Examples

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Introduction: Vitamins are essential organic compounds that play crucial roles in various physiological processes within the body. They are required in small amounts but are vital for maintaining overall health, growth, development, and metabolism. Understanding the classification and functions of vitamins is essential for ensuring a balanced and nutritious diet. This detailed note aims to … Read more

Oral Health Issues: Responding to Symptoms, Minor Ailments, and Self-Care Advice

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Introduction: Oral health issues such as mouth ulcers, dental pain, and gum swelling can cause discomfort and affect daily activities such as eating, speaking, and oral hygiene practices. While these conditions are often minor and temporary, they can indicate underlying dental problems or oral health concerns. Responding effectively to symptoms and practicing self-care measures can … Read more

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