Lymph circulation refers to the movement of lymph, a clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system in the body. The lymphatic system is a vital component of the immune system and has several important functions, including: 1. Formation of Lymph: Lymph is a clear, colorless fluid formed from the interstitial fluid that bathes the … Read more
Lymphatic vessels, commonly called lymphatics, are a crucial component of the lymphatic system, a network of tissues and organs responsible for maintaining fluid balance, filtering lymph, and supporting the immune system. Lymphatic vessels play a vital role in the circulation and transport of lymph throughout the body. Here’s a detailed note on lymphatic vessels: 1. … Read more
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues: The lymphatic system is a vital immune system component, playing a critical role in maintaining fluid balance, filtering harmful substances, and supporting immune responses. Lymphatic organs and tissues are distributed throughout the body, each with specific lymphocyte production, filtration, and immune surveillance functions. Here’s a detailed note on some of the … Read more
The reticuloendothelial system, often referred to as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), is a complex network of cells and tissues in the body that plays a vital role in the immune system, as well as in filtering and clearing foreign substances, cellular debris, and aging or damaged blood cells from the bloodstream. This system includes … Read more
Disorders of the blood, also known as hematological disorders, encompass a wide range of medical conditions that affect the blood, its components, or the organs involved in blood production and regulation. These disorders can impact the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, or bone marrow. Some common blood disorders include: 1. Anemia: Anemia … Read more
Transfusion of Blood: “Administering blood or blood components (such as red blood cells, plasma, platelets, or clotting factors) to a patient to replace lost blood or its components, improve blood count, or treat specific medical conditions is a critical and life-saving medical procedure known as blood transfusion. Here is a note on this essential intervention.” … Read more
In the year 1900, Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system. In his experiments, he mixed different blood types, observing that the plasma from specific blood types produced agglutinates or formed clusters. This phenomenon was caused by the absence of molecules on red blood cells, which, in turn, led to the production … Read more
Blood coagulation, or clotting, is a complex and tightly regulated physiological mechanism that prevents excessive bleeding following a vascular injury. It involves a series of sequential and interrelated reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a blood clot. The coagulation process can be divided into three main pathways: intrinsic, extrinsic, and common. Here’s a … Read more
Anemia, a common blood disorder, is characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells (RBCs) or a decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood, which reduces the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen to body tissues. Anemia can cause various symptoms and health issues, and various underlying conditions can lead to it. Here’s a detailed … Read more
Hemoglobin, a protein present in red blood cells (erythrocytes), transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. The formation of hemoglobin involves multiple steps and key components, making it a complex process. Here’s a detailed note on how the body forms hemoglobin: 1. Hemoglobin Structure: … Read more
