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Radioactive isotopes, or radioisotopes, play a critical role in biogenetic studies, helping to elucidate metabolic pathways, biosynthetic routes, and the dynamics of molecular processes. The unique properties of radioactive isotopes, such as their ability to emit detectable radiation, allow researchers to trace the movement of elements through biological systems. This technique, known as radioisotope tracing … Read more
The Acetate Pathway, also known as the Polyketide Pathway, is a fundamental metabolic route in organisms like plants, fungi, and bacteria. This pathway plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of a wide range of secondary metabolites, such as fatty acids, polyketides, prostaglandins, and various antibiotics. The acetate pathway derives its name from its precursor, … Read more
The Shikimic Acid Pathway is an essential metabolic route in plants, fungi, and some bacteria, leading to the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and a diverse range of secondary metabolites. This pathway plays a central role in the metabolism of these organisms, connecting carbohydrate metabolism with the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and other aromatic compounds. … Read more
Greetings, fellow learners! We’re thrilled to share a valuable educational resource with you. Our latest download is designed to enhance your understanding and proficiency in Preformulation Studies and Calibration Curve of Paracetamol and Aspirin Whether you’re a student, educator, or lifelong learner, this resource is tailored to empower you on your educational journey. Why Download? … Read more
Greetings, fellow learners! We’re thrilled to share a valuable educational resource with you. Our latest download is designed to enhance your understanding and proficiency in Introduction to In-Vitro Pharmacology and Physiological Salt Solutions. Whether you’re a student, educator, or lifelong learner, this resource is tailored to empower you on your educational journey. Why Download? How … Read more
The evaluation of liquid oral preparations, such as syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and emulsions, involves a series of tests and standards outlined in pharmacopoeias. These tests ensure that the products meet the required quality, safety, and efficacy standards. The following are key evaluation parameters commonly found in major pharmacopoeias such as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), … Read more
Filling and packaging are critical steps in the production of liquid orals, including emulsions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. These steps ensure that the product is safely contained, properly labeled, and protected from environmental factors that could affect its stability and efficacy. Filling Process 1. Preparation for Filling – Bulk Product Transfer: The bulk liquid … Read more
Emulsions are liquid oral dosage forms where one liquid is dispersed in another immiscible liquid in the form of small droplets. They are commonly used to deliver drugs that are poorly soluble in water or to improve the taste and palatability of oily drugs. Proper formulation and manufacturing of emulsions are crucial to ensure stability, … Read more
Suspensions are a type of liquid oral dosage form where solid particles of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are dispersed in a liquid medium. They are used to deliver drugs that are insoluble or poorly soluble in water, providing an alternative to solutions. Proper formulation and manufacturing of suspensions are critical to ensure stability, efficacy, … Read more
Elixirs are liquid oral dosage forms that contain medicinal ingredients dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and water. They are used to deliver drugs in a palatable and easily absorbed form. The formulation and manufacturing of elixirs require careful attention to ensure effectiveness, stability, and patient acceptance. Formulation of Elixirs 1. Definition – Elixirs: … Read more
