Unit 5

Pharmaceutical applications of radioactive substances

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Pharmaceutical applications of radioactive substances, also known as radiopharmaceuticals, involve the use of radioactive isotopes in medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These substances are crucial in nuclear medicine, providing valuable information about physiological processes, disease detection, and targeted treatments. Here are key pharmaceutical applications: 1. Diagnostic Imaging Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): Radiopharmaceuticals emitting … Read more

Sodium Iodide I-131: Storage Conditions and Precautions

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Sodium Iodide I-131 (NaI-131) is a radioactive isotope of iodine, a halogen element. It is widely used in nuclear medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The radioisotope’s properties make it valuable for imaging the thyroid gland and treating certain thyroid conditions, including hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. Storage Conditions 1. Radiation Safety: Sodium Iodide I-131 … Read more

Radio isotopes and study of radio isotopes

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Radioisotopes, or radioactive isotopes, are isotopes of chemical elements that exhibit radioactivity. These isotopes have unstable nuclei, leading them to undergo spontaneous radioactive decay, emitting particles or energy in the process. The radioactivity of these isotopes makes them valuable in various scientific, medical, industrial, and environmental applications. Key Characteristics 1. Unstable Nuclei: Radioisotopes have nuclei … Read more

Half-life of a radioactive substance

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Definition: The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to undergo radioactive decay. It is a characteristic property of each radioactive isotope and is independent of the initial quantity of the substance. Key Points 1. Mathematical Representation The equation gives the mathematical expression … Read more

Properties of Alpha (α), Beta (β), and Gamma (γ) Radiations

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1. Nature Alpha (α): Consists of helium nuclei (2 protons and two neutrons). Beta (β): Involves high-energy electrons (β⁻) or positrons (β⁺) emitted from the nucleus during a process of neutron-proton conversion. Gamma (γ): Electromagnetic radiation similar to X-rays but with higher energy. 2. Charge Alpha (α): Positively charged. Beta (β): Negatively charged (β⁻) or … Read more

Measurement of radioactivity

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Radioactivity measurement involves quantifying the amount of radioactive material and the intensity of radiation emitted. Various instruments and techniques are used for this purpose. Here are some commonly used methods for measuring radioactivity: 1. Geiger-Muller Counters Principle: Geiger-Muller counters detect ionizing radiation by counting the number of electrical pulses produced when ionizing particles pass through … Read more

Radiopharmaceuticals- Radioactivity

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Radiopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical formulations containing radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) that emit gamma rays or positrons. Nuclear medicine designs these compounds to diagnose or treat various medical conditions. Radiopharmaceuticals incorporate a biologically active molecule (typically a drug or a biological targeting molecule) with a radioactive isotope, creating a compound that imaging techniques can trace within the body. … Read more

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