Month: February 2024

Viral Infections – SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was first identified in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and has since led to a global pandemic. Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: Primarily spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. 2. Viral Entry: SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells via the … Read more

Opportunistic Infections: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections caused by pathogens that typically do not cause disease in individuals with intact immune systems but can exploit weakened immunity, as seen in conditions such as HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive therapies, or certain medical conditions. Opportunistic infections can affect various organs and systems, leading to severe and potentially life-threatening complications. Etiopathogenesis 1. … Read more

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which play a crucial role in the body’s defense mechanism. The virus can lead to the progressive failure of the immune system and, if untreated, can result in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: HIV is primarily transmitted through … Read more

Syphilis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific clinical manifestations. If left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe complications, affecting various organs and systems. Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission:    – Mainly transmitted through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected … Read more

Gonorrhea: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Nonpharmacological and Pharmacological Management

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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the genital tract but can also involve other mucous membranes, leading to a range of clinical manifestations. Etiopathogenesis 1. Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative bacterium. 2. Transmission: Primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected individual. 3. Site … Read more

Hepatitis: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Non-pharmacological and Pharmacological Management

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Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections, though it can also result from other factors such as autoimmune reactions, drug toxicity, and alcohol abuse. Viral hepatitis is categorized by different types (A, B, C, D, and E), each caused by specific viruses. Etiopathogenesis 1. Viral Hepatitis:    – Hepatitis A … Read more

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Non-pharmacological and Pharmacological Management

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are microbial infections that affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. They are commonly caused by bacteria, but viruses and fungi can also be responsible. UTIs can be categorized as lower (cystitis, urethritis) or upper (pyelonephritis) depending on the involved anatomical structures. Etiopathogenesis 1. … Read more

Pneumonia: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Non-pharmacological and Pharmacological Management

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Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma. It results in the accumulation of cellular and exudative material within the alveoli, impairing normal gas exchange. Pneumonia can be caused by various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Etiopathogenesis 1. Infectious Agents:    – Bacteria: Common bacterial causes … Read more

Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Importance of Enzymes

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Enzymes play a critical role in various therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications, leveraging their catalytic properties for diagnostic, treatment, and drug development purposes. Here’s a detailed exploration of their importance in the medical field: Diagnostic Enzymes    a. Biomarkers:       Enzymes are used as biomarkers in diagnostic tests to assess organ function and diagnose diseases. For … Read more

Enzyme Inhibitors: Definition, Classification, Mechanism and Examples

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Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that interfere with the activity of enzymes, either by blocking or reducing their catalytic activity. These inhibitors play crucial roles in regulating various biological processes, and they are classified into different types based on their mechanisms of action. Understanding enzyme inhibitors is essential for drug design, as many pharmaceuticals target specific … Read more

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