Aim: Bioassay of Acetylcholine Using Rat Ileum or Colon by Four-Point Bioassay References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of acetylcholine on the…
Aim: Bioassay of Serotonin Using Rat Fundus Strip by Three-Point Bioassay References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of serotonin on the rat…
Aim: Bioassay of Oxytocin Using Rat Uterine Horn by Interpolation Method References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of oxytocin on the rat…
1. In-Process Quality Control (IPQC) Tests for Capsules In-process quality control tests are performed during different stages of manufacturing to monitor the product and ensure consistency. These tests help in identifying and correcting deviations before the final product stage. 1.1 Weight Variation Test Purpose: To ensure consistent dosage of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in…
Hard gelatin capsules are a popular solid dosage form, consisting of two parts: a body and a cap. These capsules are primarily composed of gelatin, which acts as the capsule shell, providing an efficient medium for delivering powdered, granulated, or semi-solid drugs. Filling of Hard Gelatin Capsules The filling process for hard gelatin capsules can…
Capsule Sizes: Capsules are a common dosage form in pharmaceuticals, offering flexibility for delivering various active ingredients. Capsules come in a range of sizes to accommodate different dosages, allowing pharmaceutical manufacturers to select the best option based on the volume and weight of the formulation. Understanding capsule sizes is essential for proper dosage and patient…
Hard Gelatin Capsules: Capsules are a popular and versatile dosage form for delivering medications, dietary supplements, and other substances orally. They are small, cylindrical, and often filled with powder, granules, semi-solids, or liquids, designed to encapsulate the active ingredients. Capsules are primarily classified into two types: hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules. This note…
General Anatomy of Root and Stem: Anatomy refers to the internal structure of an organism. In plants, the internal organization of tissues in the root and stem determines their function, growth, and development. The study of their anatomy helps in understanding plant physiology and adaptations to different environments. General Anatomy of Root and Stem 1….
Morphology of Flowering Plants: Morphology is the branch of biology that deals with the form, structure, and external characteristics of organisms. In plants, morphology helps us understand how different organs contribute to growth, survival, and reproduction. Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, are the most diverse group of plants on Earth. They have specialized structures…
The Five Kingdoms of Life classification of living organisms is essential for understanding biodiversity, evolution, and ecological relationships. Traditionally, organisms were classified into two kingdoms: Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals). However, this system was inadequate to accommodate microorganisms and other unique life forms, leading to the development of more comprehensive classification systems. In 1969, Robert…