Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, toxins, autoimmune diseases, or other factors. Viral hepatitis is the most common cause, categorized by types A, B, C, D, E, and a less-known F (though F remains debated as a separate entity). Each type differs in mode of transmission, clinical course, and long-term…
Jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera (the whites of the eyes) due to an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood, a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed during the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) and is normally processed by the liver…
Aim: Estimation of serum biochemical parameters using semi-autoanalyzer References 1. Objective To estimate various serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and liver function markers using a semi-autoanalyzer. 2. Principle A semi-autoanalyzer is a photometric instrument used to measure biochemical parameters in serum samples. The method relies on specific chemical reactions producing a…
Aim: Effect of agonists and antagonists on guinea pig ileum References 1. Objective To study the effects of agonists and antagonists on guinea pig ileum and analyze their pharmacological responses using an isolated tissue bath setup. 2. Principle The guinea pig ileum is a smooth muscle preparation that contracts in response to cholinergic and histaminergic…
Aim: Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motility. References 1. Objective To evaluate the effect of various drugs on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in experimental animals using standard techniques such as charcoal meal test, BaSOâ‚„ meal test, and intestinal transit measurement. 2. Principle Gastrointestinal motility refers to the movement of food and secretions through the…
Aim: Study of anti-ulcer activity using pylorus ligation (shay) rat model and nsaid-induced ulcer model References 1. Objective To evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of a test drug using the Pylorus Ligation (Shay) Rat Model and NSAID-Induced Ulcer Model by assessing ulcer formation, gastric secretions, and ulcer index. 2. Principle Peptic ulcers result from an imbalance…
Aim: Anti-allergic activity by mast cell stabilization assay References 1. Objective To evaluate the anti-allergic activity of a test compound by assessing its ability to stabilize mast cells and prevent degranulation. 2. Principle Mast cells play a crucial role in allergic reactions by releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators upon degranulation. Stabilization of mast cells…
Dose calculation in pharmacological Aim: Dose calculation in pharmacological experiments. References 1. Introduction Dose calculation is a fundamental aspect of pharmacological experiments to ensure accurate administration of drugs to experimental animals. The correct dose is crucial for maintaining the validity and reproducibility of results while ensuring ethical considerations. This manual provides guidelines on calculating doses…
UV-Visible Spectroscopy, also known as Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, is an analytical technique used to measure the absorbance or reflectance of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light by a substance, primarily employed for determining the concentration and characteristics of compounds in solution. This technique operates within specific wavelength ranges, covering the ultraviolet region (approximately 200-400 nm) and the…
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication, behavior, and sensory processing. It is a spectrum disorder, meaning symptoms and severity vary widely. Autism is not a disease but a different way of experiencing the world. With increasing awareness, misconceptions still persist. This guide provides an in-depth understanding of ASD, including symptoms,…
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