NIPER JEE-2025: The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) is one of India’s most prestigious institutions dedicated to pharmaceutical education and research. It is recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. To ensure the best talent is admitted into its Master’s and Ph.D. programs, NIPER conducts the NIPER…
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. It arises due to genetic and environmental factors that alter normal cellular functions. Understanding the classification, etiology, and pathogenesis of cancer is essential for developing effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. 1. Classification of Cancer Cancer can be classified based on…
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, causing sudden and severe pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness. It is often referred to as “the disease of kings” due to its historical association with indulgent lifestyles and the consumption of rich foods and alcohol. Epidemiology of…
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. It is often referred to as a “silent disease” because it typically progresses without symptoms until a fracture occurs. Epidemiology of Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a common condition that affects millions…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease where the immune system attacks the body, causing long-term inflammation. It mainly targets flexible (synovial) joints but can also affect other tissues and organs. RA often causes pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet, and can lead to disability and difficulty moving if not treated. A key…
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The liver processes alcohol, but when intake exceeds the liver’s capacity to metabolize it, toxic byproducts accumulate, leading to liver injury. ALD encompasses a range of liver conditions, from fatty liver to cirrhosis, and is one of the most common causes of…
Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, toxins, autoimmune diseases, or other factors. Viral hepatitis is the most common cause, categorized by types A, B, C, D, E, and a less-known F (though F remains debated as a separate entity). Each type differs in mode of transmission, clinical course, and long-term…
Jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera (the whites of the eyes) due to an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood, a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed during the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) and is normally processed by the liver…
Aim: Estimation of serum biochemical parameters using semi-autoanalyzer References 1. Objective To estimate various serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and liver function markers using a semi-autoanalyzer. 2. Principle A semi-autoanalyzer is a photometric instrument used to measure biochemical parameters in serum samples. The method relies on specific chemical reactions producing a…
Aim: Effect of agonists and antagonists on guinea pig ileum References 1. Objective To study the effects of agonists and antagonists on guinea pig ileum and analyze their pharmacological responses using an isolated tissue bath setup. 2. Principle The guinea pig ileum is a smooth muscle preparation that contracts in response to cholinergic and histaminergic…