Histamine is a biogenic amine, a compound derived from amino acids, that serves as a signaling molecule and neurotransmitter in the body. It is produced and stored in various cells, particularly mast cells and basophils, which are immune system components. When released, histamine plays a key role in several physiological processes, including inflammation, allergic reactions,…
Autocoids, short for “autonomous mediators,” refer to a diverse group of naturally occurring substances within the body that act locally to regulate physiological functions. These substances are produced in small quantities and exert their effects near the site of synthesis. Autocoids play essential roles in maintaining homeostasis and mediating various physiological processes. Examples of autocoids…
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Biological Source Cinnamon comes from the inner bark of trees belonging to the Cinnamomum genus. The two main types of cinnamon commonly used are Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon) and Cinnamomum cassia (Cassia cinnamon). Ceylon cinnamon is often considered “true” cinnamon, while Cassia cinnamon is more widely available and commonly used. Chemical Constituents Cinnamon contains a…
Biological Source Nutmeg, scientifically known as Myristica fragrans, is an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. The tree produces both nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the seed found within the fruit, while mace is the aril or the red, lace-like covering around the seed. Today, nutmeg is cultivated in various…
Biological Source of Asafoetida Asafoetida, also known as “hing,” is derived from the resinous gum extracted from the rhizome or taproot of the Ferula assafoetida plant. This perennial herb belongs to the Apiaceae family and is native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Central Asia. Asafoetida is primarily cultivated in Afghanistan, Iran, and India. Chemical…
Biological Source Black Pepper, scientifically known as Piper nigrum, is a flowering vine belonging to the Piperaceae family. Native to the Malabar Coast of India, black pepper is now cultivated in various tropical regions globally. The fruit of the black pepper plant is a small drupe, commonly known as a peppercorn. Chemical Constituents Black pepper’s…
Biological Source Clove, scientifically known as Syzygium aromaticum, is an evergreen tree belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Clove, native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, is now cultivated in various tropical regions, including Madagascar, Zanzibar, and Sri Lanka. People derive the spice from the unopened flower buds of the clove tree, harvesting them before the…
Biological Source Ginger, scientifically known as Zingiber officinale, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is a flowering plant whose rhizomes, commonly called ginger root, are used for culinary, medicinal, and traditional purposes. Native to Southeast Asia, ginger is now cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Chemical Constituents The therapeutic properties of ginger are…
Biological Source Cardamom, scientifically known as Elettaria cardamomum, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is a perennial herb native to the evergreen rainforests of southern India. The plant produces elongated capsules containing small aromatic seeds, which are the parts used for culinary and medicinal purposes. Chemical Constituents Cardamom contains diverse chemical constituents, contributing to its…
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