Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The term is derived from two words: “Pharmakon” (Greek) meaning drug, and “Vigilare” (Latin) meaning to keep watch. The goal of pharmacovigilance is to enhance patient safety and ensure that the benefits…
Aim: Determination of Heart Rate and Pulse Rate References: 1. Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2016). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier. 2. Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2019). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley. 3. American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines on Heart Rate and Pulse Measurement. Objective: To determine the heart rate…
A peptic ulcer is a sore or lesion that develops on the lining of the stomach, upper small intestine (duodenum), or esophagus due to the erosion of the mucosal barrier by acidic gastric juices. The term encompasses gastric ulcers (in the stomach) and duodenal ulcers (in the duodenum). Rarely, ulcers can occur in the esophagus,…
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. It is characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral changes, resulting from the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. AD significantly impairs daily functioning and leads to a decline in quality of life for…
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions. It is often classified as a psychotic disorder due to the presence of symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the global population and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide….
Depression is a common mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and a range of physical and cognitive symptoms. Clinically referred to as major depressive disorder (MDD), it significantly impairs an individual’s daily functioning and quality of life. Depression is distinct from typical mood fluctuations and…
A stroke, often referred to as a “brain attack,” occurs when blood flow to a specific area of the brain is interrupted. This disruption deprives brain cells of oxygen, causing them to die. As brain cells die, functions controlled by the affected area of the brain, such as memory and muscle control, are lost. Stroke,…
Parkinson’s Disease: In 1817, British physician Dr. James Parkinson published a case series documenting six patients suffering from “shaking palsy” (paralysis agitans), a chronic and progressive neurological disorder now known as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Parkinson’s disease occurs when nerve cells in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain, deteriorate or become damaged. These cells…
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures result from abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary in type and severity. It is one of the most common neurological conditions, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Pathophysiology of Epilepsy Epilepsy arises from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory…
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