The reticuloendothelial system (RES), also known as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), is a highly specialized and intricate network of cells and tissues distributed throughout the body. It plays a critical role in immune defense, blood filtration, tissue homeostasis, and metabolic regulation. This system is primarily responsible for phagocytosis, in which specialized cells engulf and … Read more
Disorders of blood, also known as hematological disorders, encompass a wide range of medical conditions that affect the blood, its components, or the organs involved in blood production and regulation. These disorders can impact the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, or bone marrow. Some common blood disorders include: Disorders of blood 1. … Read more
Blood transfusion is a life-saving medical procedure in which blood or its components are transferred from a donor to a recipient through intravenous infusion. It is commonly used to replace lost blood during surgery, injury, or diseases that affect blood production. Blood transfusions can help manage conditions such as anemia, bleeding disorders, and severe infections. … Read more
Blood groups: In the year 1900, Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system. In his experiments, he mixed different blood types, observing that the plasma from specific blood types produced agglutinates or formed clusters. This phenomenon was caused by the absence of molecules on red blood cells, which, in turn, led to … Read more
Mechanisms of coagulation: Blood coagulation, or clotting, is a complex and tightly regulated physiological mechanism that prevents excessive bleeding following a vascular injury. It involves a series of sequential and interrelated reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a blood clot. The coagulation process can be divided into three main pathways: intrinsic, extrinsic, and … Read more
Anemia, a common blood disorder, is characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells (RBCs) or a decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood, which reduces the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen to body tissues. Anemia can cause various symptoms and health issues, and various underlying conditions can lead to it. Here’s a detailed … Read more
Formation of Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a crucial protein found in red blood cells (RBCs) that plays an essential role in oxygen transport from the lungs to various tissues and the return of carbon dioxide for exhalation. It is a metalloprotein composed of iron and globin chains that binds oxygen molecules efficiently. The formation of hemoglobin … Read more
Hemopoiesis, also known as hematopoiesis, is the blood cell formation process in the bone marrow. It is a critical physiological process that produces all the different types of blood cells found in the body. Hemopoiesis is essential for maintaining overall health and homeostasis. Here’s a detailed note on hemopoiesis: Types of blood cells produced Hemopoiesis … Read more
Composition and function of blood: Blood is a vital connective tissue in the human body with many functions. It consists of several components, each crucial in maintaining homeostasis and overall health. Here’s a detailed note on the composition and functions of blood: Composition and function of blood Composition of Blood Blood plasma is the liquid … Read more
Body fluids are essential for the proper functioning of the human body. They play numerous critical roles in maintaining homeostasis, transporting nutrients and waste products, cushioning and protecting vital organs, and facilitating various biochemical processes. Here’s a detailed note on body fluids and their significance: 1. Blood: Composition: Blood comprises plasma, red blood cells, white … Read more
