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  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
    Home | the Chapter 2

    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

    ByDeepak Rajput June 2, 2024March 15, 2025

    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints. It is characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of diarthrodial joints, leading to cartilage and bone damage. RA typically affects multiple joints symmetrically and can result in significant disability and systemic complications. Etiopathogenesis The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not fully…

    Read More Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological managementContinue

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    DMLT: Complete information

    ByDeepak Rajput June 1, 2024September 1, 2025

    DMLT कोर्स: मेडिकल लैबोरेटरी टेक्नोलॉजी में डिप्लोमा (DMLT) एक 2-वर्षीय डिप्लोमा कोर्स है जो छात्रों को मेडिकल लैबोरेटरी विज्ञान और उनकी तकनीकों में प्रशिक्षित करता है। DMLT कोर्स में, छात्र पैथोलॉजी, ब्लड बैंकिंग, माइक्रोबायोलॉजी, क्लिनिकल बायोकैमिस्ट्री, और हीमेटोलॉजी जैसे विभिन्न विषयों को कवर करते हैं। इस कोर्स में, छात्र प्रयोगशाला उपकरणों का उपयोग करना सीखते…

    Read More DMLT: Complete informationContinue

  • Resins: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification
    Home | Unit 4

    Resins: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification

    ByDeepak Rajput June 1, 2024March 15, 2025

    Resins are a diverse group of solid or semi-solid organic substances derived from plant secretions, primarily from the exudates of trees and shrubs. They are typically insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, and acetone. Resins are known for their use in varnishes, adhesives, and as raw materials for various…

    Read More Resins: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for IdentificationContinue

  • Volatile Oils: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification
    Home | Unit 4

    Volatile Oils: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification

    ByDeepak Rajput June 1, 2024March 15, 2025

    Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures of volatile, aromatic compounds derived from plants. These oils evaporate readily at room temperature and are responsible for the fragrance and flavor of many plants. They are typically extracted by distillation, expression, or solvent extraction. Classification of Volatile Oils Volatile oils can be classified based…

    Read More Volatile Oils: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for IdentificationContinue

  • Tannins: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification
    Home | Unit 4

    Tannins: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification

    ByDeepak Rajput June 1, 2024March 15, 2025

    Tannins are a group of complex polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. They have the ability to form strong complexes with proteins, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and other macromolecules. Tannins are known for their astringent taste and their ability to precipitate proteins, which is why they are often used in tanning leather and in the clarification of…

    Read More Tannins: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for IdentificationContinue

  • Flavonoids: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification
    Home | Unit 4

    Flavonoids: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification

    ByDeepak Rajput May 31, 2024March 15, 2025

    Flavonoids are a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found in plants, characterized by a common structure consisting of two aromatic rings (A and B) joined by a three-carbon bridge that usually forms a closed pyran ring (C). They are widely recognized for their beneficial effects on health due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties….

    Read More Flavonoids: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for IdentificationContinue

  • Glycosides: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification
    Home | Unit 4

    Glycosides: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for Identification

    ByDeepak Rajput May 31, 2024March 15, 2025

    Glycosides are a group of organic compounds that yield one or more sugars upon hydrolysis. Structurally, a glycoside is composed of a sugar part, known as the glycone, and a non-sugar part, referred to as the aglycone or genin. These two parts are linked through a glycosidic bond, which typically involves the anomeric carbon of…

    Read More Glycosides: Definition, Classification, Properties, and Tests for IdentificationContinue

  • Tests for Identification of Alkaloids
    Home | Unit 4

    Tests for Identification of Alkaloids

    ByDeepak Rajput May 31, 2024April 13, 2026

    Alkaloids are a highly significant class of naturally occurring nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are predominantly found in plants. They are typically basic in nature due to the presence of one or more nitrogen atoms, usually incorporated within a heterocyclic ring structure. These compounds are widely recognized for their potent pharmacological and physiological effects, which make…

    Read More Tests for Identification of AlkaloidsContinue

  • Introduction to Secondary Metabolites: Definition and Classification
    Home | Unit 4

    Introduction to Secondary Metabolites: Definition and Classification

    ByDeepak Rajput May 31, 2024March 15, 2025

    Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Unlike primary metabolites (such as amino acids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates), which are essential for the basic metabolic processes of life, secondary metabolites often play crucial roles in ecological…

    Read More Introduction to Secondary Metabolites: Definition and ClassificationContinue

  • Role of Pharmacognosy in the Chinese System of Medicine
    Home | Unit 4

    Role of Pharmacognosy in the Chinese System of Medicine

    ByDeepak Rajput May 31, 2024March 15, 2025

    Pharmacognosy, the study of medicinal drugs derived from plants and other natural sources, plays an essential role in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM is a holistic system of medicine that has been practiced for thousands of years and includes various therapies such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, and dietary therapy. Here’s a detailed exploration of the…

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