Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a widely used analytical technique that separates and identifies compounds in a mixture. It is based on the differences in the migration rate of compounds when carried by a mobile phase (solvent) over a stationary phase (adsorbent layer). Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a type of planar chromatography. It is…
Partition column chromatography is a type of liquid-liquid chromatography where separation is based on the partitioning of components between two immiscible liquid phases—one as the stationary phase and the other as the mobile phase. This technique is commonly used for separating mixtures of compounds with varying solubilities and plays an important role in pharmaceutical, biochemical,…
Adsorption chromatography is a separation technique based on the differential adsorption of compounds onto a solid stationary phase. It is widely used to purify and separate chemical compounds based on their interaction with the adsorbent material. The process relies on the principle that different molecules have varying degrees of affinity to the surface of a…
Introduction Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) is a powerful and versatile separation technique primarily used to purify proteins, peptides, amino acids, and other charged biomolecules based on their ionic charge. It separates molecules by their affinity to charged ion-exchange resins in the stationary phase. This technique is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, biochemical research, water…
Gel chromatography, also known as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), is a separation technique used primarily for separating molecules based on their size. It is widely used for purifying proteins, polysaccharides, and other macromolecules. In this technique, molecules are separated as they pass through a column filled with porous gel beads, and larger molecules elute (exit) from…
Introduction to Affinity Chromatography Affinity chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography used for the separation, purification, or specific analysis of sample components. It is based on the principle of affinity, which refers to reversible biological interactions or molecular recognition between two molecules, typically an analyte and a ligand. These interactions are driven by the…
Aim: Introduction to Hemocytometry References Introduction Hemocytometry is a technique used to count cells in a given volume of fluid, typically using adevice called a hemocytometer. This method is widely used in biological and medical researchto determine the concentration of cells in a blood sample, culture, or other cell suspension. Thehemocytometer is a specialized microscope…
Aim: Microscopic study of muscular and nervous tissue Reference: Muscular Tissue Muscular tissue is specialized tissue in animals that facilitates movement and force generationthrough contraction. It is essential for various physiological functions, including locomotion,maintaining posture, respiration, and circulation. Muscular tissue comprises elongated cellscalled muscle fibers, which contain actin and myosin filaments, the primary proteins responsiblefor…
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Pneumonia is a serious respiratory infection affecting millions worldwide. It occurs when the air sacs (alveoli) in one or both lungs become inflamed, often filling with fluid or pus, which makes breathing difficult and reduces the oxygen supply to the body. While pneumonia can be treated effectively, it remains a leading cause of hospitalization, particularly…