Antihistamines are a class of drugs designed to counteract the effects of histamine, a natural compound released by the body in response to allergens. Histamine plays a central role in allergic reactions and is responsible for various symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. Antihistamines block histamine receptors, thereby preventing or alleviating…
Derived from fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, which is a component of cell membranes, prostaglandins constitute a group of lipid compounds. These bioactive molecules function as local signaling mediators, exerting a wide range of effects on various physiological processes in the body. By being produced and acting locally at the site of synthesis, prostaglandins influence…
5-Hydroxytryptamine, commonly known as serotonin or 5-HT, is a monoamine neurotransmitter and a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan. It plays a crucial role in the central nervous system and various physiological processes, contributing to mood regulation, sleep-wake cycles, appetite control, and gastrointestinal function. Physiological Role of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or Serotonin) 1. Neurotransmission: –…
Histamine is a biogenic amine, a compound derived from amino acids, that serves as a signaling molecule and neurotransmitter in the body. It is produced and stored in various cells, particularly mast cells and basophils, which are immune system components. When released, histamine plays a key role in several physiological processes, including inflammation, allergic reactions,…
Autocoids, short for “autonomous mediators,” refer to a diverse group of naturally occurring substances within the body that act locally to regulate physiological functions. These substances are produced in small quantities and exert their effects near the site of synthesis. Autocoids play essential roles in maintaining homeostasis and mediating various physiological processes. Examples of autocoids…
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Biological Source Cinnamon comes from the inner bark of trees belonging to the Cinnamomum genus. The two main types of cinnamon commonly used are Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon) and Cinnamomum cassia (Cassia cinnamon). Ceylon cinnamon is often considered “true” cinnamon, while Cassia cinnamon is more widely available and commonly used. Chemical Constituents Cinnamon contains a…
Biological Source Nutmeg, scientifically known as Myristica fragrans, is an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. The tree produces both nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the seed found within the fruit, while mace is the aril or the red, lace-like covering around the seed. Today, nutmeg is cultivated in various…
Biological Source of Asafoetida Asafoetida, also known as “hing,” is derived from the resinous gum extracted from the rhizome or taproot of the Ferula assafoetida plant. This perennial herb belongs to the Apiaceae family and is native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Central Asia. Asafoetida is primarily cultivated in Afghanistan, Iran, and India. Chemical…
Biological Source Black Pepper, scientifically known as Piper nigrum, is a flowering vine belonging to the Piperaceae family. Native to the Malabar Coast of India, black pepper is now cultivated in various tropical regions globally. The fruit of the black pepper plant is a small drupe, commonly known as a peppercorn. Chemical Constituents Black pepper’s…
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