While the kidneys are the primary organ for drug elimination, a significant number of drugs and their metabolites are eliminated through non-renal routes. Non-renal excretion pathways are especially important for drugs that are highly protein-bound, lipophilic, or poorly water-soluble, and for patients with renal impairment, where renal clearance is compromised. Non-renal excretion involves multiple organs … Read more
Factors Affecting Renal Excretion of Drugs Renal excretion represents one of the most crucial pathways through which the body eliminates drugs and their metabolites. The efficiency of this system is influenced by a variety of physiological, biochemical, and physicochemical factors. The kidneys employ three synchronized mechanisms—glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption—to determine the rate … Read more
Drug elimination is an essential physiological phenomenon that dictates not only how long a drug remains within the body but also profoundly influences its therapeutic efficiency, safety profile, dosage design, and overall clinical fate. The human body, being a highly evolved biochemical system, possesses intricate defense mechanisms to handle the continuous influx of xenobiotics, including … Read more
The National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) is a carefully curated list of medicines deemed essential for addressing the healthcare needs of the majority of the population. These medicines are intended to be available at all times, in adequate quantities, in appropriate dosage forms, and at affordable prices. The concept of essential medicines is rooted … Read more
The pricing of pharmaceutical products in India is a multi-layered and highly regulated process, designed to balance the interests of the end consumer, pharmaceutical manufacturers, distributors, and the government. The Drugs Price Control Order (DPCO) 2013, issued by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, provides a comprehensive framework for … Read more
The Drugs Price Control Order (DPCO) is one of the most significant regulatory instruments in India, functioning as a cornerstone in the nation’s endeavor to make medicines affordable and accessible to the general public. It is an order issued under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, and its primary objective is to regulate the prices of … Read more
Introduction The study of phytoconstituents, particularly terpenoids like citral, holds immense importance in the field of phytochemistry and natural product pharmacology. Citral is a lemon-scented aldehyde widely distributed in the essential oils of several medicinal and aromatic plants. It is primarily known for its flavoring, fragrance, and therapeutic applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical … Read more
Location: Gurugram, IndiaJob ID: 25102900Last Updated: Yesterday Join Syneos Health – Where Every Role Shapes Global Healthcare At Syneos Health®, we are more than a leading biopharmaceutical solutions organization—we are a global community united by a mission: to accelerate innovation and deliver life-changing therapies to patients worldwide. By bridging clinical development, medical affairs, and commercial … Read more
Introduction Contraceptive devices are specialized medical tools or appliances designed to prevent conception, thereby enabling individuals and couples to regulate fertility and control reproduction according to their personal, social, and economic needs. These devices form a vital component of family planning, reproductive health, and population control programs worldwide. Contraception, in the broader sense, aims to … Read more
Introduction Sex determination is a biological and genetic mechanism by which the sexual identity of an organism—male or female—is established during embryonic development. It represents one of the most fascinating and complex processes in developmental biology, integrating genetic, molecular, and hormonal cues that orchestrate the differentiation of gonads and the subsequent development of secondary sexual … Read more
