1. Conduction: Definition: Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material without any apparent movement of the material itself. It occurs due to the collision of neighboring particles and the subsequent transfer of kinetic energy from high-temperature regions to low-temperature regions. Key Concepts: – Thermal Conductivity (k): Materials with higher thermal conductivity conduct heat … Read more
Introduction: Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction is a fundamental principle in the field of heat transfer, describing the rate at which heat is conducted through a material. Named after the French mathematician and physicist Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier, this law provides a mathematical relationship between the heat flux, the temperature gradient, and the material properties. Mathematical … Read more
Objectives of Heat Transfer: 1. Temperature Equalization: The primary goal of heat transfer is to equalize temperatures between objects or systems in contact. This is based on the fundamental principle that heat flows from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature. 2. Thermal Comfort: In various applications, such as building design and climate … Read more
 Principles: Elutriation is a process that separates particles based on their size and density in a fluid medium. The main principles include: 1. Fluid Dynamics: The elutriation tank utilizes the principles of fluid dynamics to create an upward flow of fluid, usually air or water, carrying particles of varying sizes. 2. Gravity Separation: Heavier particles … Read more
 Principles: A bag filter is a pollution control device that operates on the principle of filtering air or gas to remove particulate matter. The main principles include: 1. Filtration Mechanism: Bag filters use fabric or synthetic filter bags as the primary filtering medium. As the air or gas passes through the filter bags, particulate matter … Read more
 Principles: An air separator, also known as an air classifier, operates on the principle of utilizing air flow to separate particles based on their size, shape, or density. The primary principles include: 1. Aerodynamic Separation: The separator exploits the differences in aerodynamic properties of particles to classify them. Lighter particles are carried away by the … Read more
 Principles: A sieve shaker is a mechanical device that uses vibration to assist in the separation of particles based on their size. The basic principles include: 1. Vibration Mechanism: Sieve shakers employ a motor-driven mechanism that imparts both vertical and horizontal vibrations to the sieve stack. This facilitates the movement of particles through the sieve … Read more
Official standards for powders, often set by international or national organizations, are crucial for ensuring the quality, safety, and consistency of powders across different industries. These standards cover various aspects, including manufacturing processes, specifications, testing methods, and labeling requirements. Here’s a detailed note on official standards of powders: 1. Setting Standards: a. International Organizations: … Read more
Principles: A heavy, flat or muller wheel mounted on a horizontal shaft rotates against a stationary base in the end runner mill, which is a type of edge runner mill. Feeding the material to be ground between the rotating wheel and the stationary base achieves the grinding action through the crushing, grinding, and shearing forces … Read more
Principles: A heavy, flat stone or metal wheel rotates on a horizontal axis in the edge runner mill. The rotating wheel crushes and shears the material to be ground, which is fed between the wheel and a stationary base, achieving the grinding action through the generated crushing and shearing forces. Construction: 1. Runner Stone: A … Read more
