Month: July 2024

Hallucinogens: Study of Biological Source, Chemical Nature, and Uses of Drugs of Natural Origin

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Hallucinogens are a class of psychoactive substances that alter perception, thoughts, and consciousness. Many hallucinogenic compounds are derived from natural sources, including plants and fungi, and have been used traditionally for religious, medicinal, and recreational purposes. Biological Source of Hallucinogens Hallucinogens from natural sources primarily fall into three categories: Indole Alkaloids (Tryptamines) Phenethylamines Ergolines (A) … Read more

Hemp: Study of Biological Source, Chemical Nature, and Uses of Drugs of Natural Origin

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Biological Source of Hemp Scientific Name: Cannabis sativa L. Family: Cannabaceae Part Used: The bast fibers obtained from the stem of the hemp plant. Chemical Nature of Hemp Hemp fibers are primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. These components contribute to the mechanical properties and versatility of hemp fibers. Chemical Composition of Hemp … Read more

Jute: Study of Biological Source, Chemical Nature, and Uses of Drugs of Natural Origin:

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 Biological Source of Jute Scientific Name: Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis Family: Malvaceae (previously classified under Tiliaceae) Part Used: The bast fibers obtained from the stem of the jute plant. Chemical Nature Jute fibers are predominantly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The unique composition of these components gives jute its characteristic properties such as … Read more

Cotton: Study of Biological Source, Chemical Nature, and Uses of Drugs of Natural Origin

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 Biological Source of Cotton Scientific Name: Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium herbaceum. Family: Malvaceae Part Used: The fibers are derived from the seed coat of the cotton plant. Chemical Nature Cotton fibers are predominantly composed of cellulose, a polysaccharide consisting of β-D-glucose units linked by β(1→4) glycosidic bonds. The high degree of … Read more

Disorders of Sex Hormones: Pathophysiology

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Disorders of sex hormones refer to conditions that result from imbalances in the production, regulation, or action of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone). These imbalances can affect sexual development, reproductive function, and secondary sexual characteristics. Types of Disorders of sex hormones 1. Hypogonadism: Reduced function of the gonads (testes or ovaries), leading to decreased … Read more

Thyroid Diseases: Pathophysiology

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Thyroid diseases encompass a variety of disorders that affect the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck that produces hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development. The primary thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Types of Thyroid diseases 1. Hypothyroidism: A condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. … Read more

Diabetes: Pathophysiology

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It can lead to serious health complications if not properly managed. Types of Diabetes 1. Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in … Read more

Hemophilia: Pathophysiology

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Hemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder characterized by the deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factors in the blood, primarily factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). This results in prolonged or spontaneous bleeding episodes, which can lead to serious complications. This note explores the causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies … Read more

Hereditary and Acquired Anemia

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Hereditary and Acquired Anemia: Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Anemia can be broadly categorized into hereditary and acquired types, based on its underlying cause. This note explores the causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, … Read more

Thalassemia: Pathophysiology

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A thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by the body’s inability to produce sufficient and functional hemoglobin, resulting in anemia. Hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen, has two main components: alpha and beta globin chains. Thalassemia is categorized based on which globin chain is affected: alpha thalassemia … Read more