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Non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of the Hypertension

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Nonpharmacological Management of Hypertension 1. Lifestyle Modifications: Healthy Diet: Adopting the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products. Reduced Sodium Intake: Limiting salt intake to help manage blood pressure. This includes avoiding processed foods and using herbs and spices for flavoring. 2. Regular … Read more

Hypertension – Definition, Classification

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Hypertension, widely recognized as high blood pressure, persistently elevates blood pressure levels, characterized by the force exerted by the blood against artery walls as the heart pumps it throughout the body. Specific numerical thresholds define hypertension, signifying increased pressure that may contribute to various cardiovascular and other health complications. Blood pressure, measured in millimeters of … Read more

Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs)

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Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) are systematically developed documents that provide healthcare professionals with evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing, treating, and managing various medical conditions. These guidelines are a reference for healthcare practitioners, promoting standardized and quality care across healthcare settings. Key Components and Characteristics 1. Evidence-Based Recommendations: STGs are rooted in evidence-based medicine, incorporating the best … Read more

Essential Medicines List (EML)

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The Essential Medicines List (EML) is a strategic tool in healthcare that identifies a core set of medicines considered crucial for meeting the health needs of a population. Developed by national health authorities or international organizations, the EML guides healthcare providers, policymakers, and health systems in ensuring access to safe, effective, and affordable medications. Key … Read more

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)

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Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is an approach to medical practice that emphasizes the integration of the best available scientific evidence with clinical expertise and consideration of patient values and preferences. It involves the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Key Components of Evidence-Based Medicine 1. … Read more

Rational Use of Medicines

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The rational use of medicines is a critical concept in healthcare that emphasizes the appropriate, safe, and effective use of medications to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. It involves a comprehensive approach encompassing prescription, dispensing, and patient use, aiming to improve patient health while minimizing risks and unnecessary costs. Key Principles 1. Clinical Indication Medications should … Read more

Pharmacotherapeutics – Introduction, Scope, and Objectives

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Introduction Pharmacotherapeutics, also known as clinical therapeutics, is a branch of pharmacology that focuses on the use of drugs and the treatment of diseases in clinical practice. It involves the application of pharmacological principles to the care of patients, aiming to achieve therapeutic outcomes and improve overall health. Pharmacotherapeutics encompasses a wide range of activities, … Read more

Biological role of carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates play crucial biological roles in living organisms, serving as essential macromolecules with diverse functions. Some key biological roles of carbohydrates include: 1. Energy Source Glucose Metabolism: Carbohydrates, especially glucose, are a primary energy source for cellular processes through glycolysis and cellular respiration. Energy Storage: Excess glucose is converted into glycogen (in animals) or starch … Read more

Qualitative tests for carbohydrates

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Qualitative tests for carbohydrates involve detecting the presence of specific functional groups or characteristics indicative of different types of carbohydrates. Here are some common qualitative tests for carbohydrates: 1. Benedict’s Test (Reducing Sugars) Principle: Detects reducing sugars that can reduce copper ions (Cu²⁺) to form a colored precipitate. Procedure: Mix the sample with Benedict’s reagent … Read more

Chemical Nature of Glycogen

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1. Composition Monomers: Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers. Linkages: It consists of α-D-glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds (linear chains) and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds (branch points). 2. Structure Linear Chains: The main structure of glycogen consists of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Branching: Branch points occur due to α-1,6-glycosidic … Read more