Sedatives are a class of drugs that exert a calming or tranquillising effect on the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction of excitement, agitation, or anxiety. These medications are used to induce a state of relaxation and calmness, making them valuable in various medical contexts. Sedatives can act on different neurotransmitter systems in the … Read more
General anaesthetics are a class of drugs that induce a reversible loss of consciousness, sensation, and memory, allowing for the performance of medical procedures or surgery to be pain-free and controlled. These agents act on the central nervous system, producing a state of unconsciousness and muscle relaxation, allowing surgical interventions without causing pain or discomfort … Read more
Incompatibility refers to an undesirable reaction that occurs when two or more substances—such as drugs, excipients, or solvents—are mixed, resulting in unintended changes in their physical, chemical, or therapeutic properties. These changes can significantly impact the safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical formulations, leading to potential therapeutic failure or harmful effects. Incompatibility can arise at … Read more
Pharmaceutical incompatibilities refer to undesirable reactions or interactions between pharmaceutical ingredients, such as drugs, excipients, or formulation components. These interactions can result in physical, chemical, or therapeutic changes that may compromise the pharmaceutical product’s stability, efficacy, or safety. Incompatibilities can occur during the formulation, manufacturing, storage, or administration of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical incompatibilities can be classified … Read more
The evaluation of suppositories involves assessing various physical, chemical, and performance characteristics to ensure their quality, efficacy, and safety. Here are key aspects considered during the evaluation of suppositories: 1. Physical Characteristics Appearance: Check for uniformity in size, shape, and color. Look for any cracks, discoloration, or other visual defects. Surface Texture: Assess the smoothness … Read more
The displacement value measures a suppository’s volume in a molded cavity or mold. It is an important parameter in suppository formulation and manufacturing, as it helps ensure accurate dosing of the active ingredient. The displacement value is often expressed as a percentage and is calculated using the formula: Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to … Read more
The preparation of suppositories involves several methods, and the choice of method depends on factors such as the type of base, the active ingredient, and the desired characteristics of the suppository. Here are some common methods of suppository preparation: 1. Fusion or Molding Method Procedure: The base is melted, and the active ingredient is incorporated … Read more
Suppositories are formulated with various bases that provide the appropriate consistency, melting or dissolution characteristics, and compatibility with the active ingredients. The choice of base depends on factors such as the suppository’s intended use and the drug’s properties. Common types of bases for suppositories include: 1. Fatty or Oleaginous Bases Examples: Cocoa butter (Theobroma oil), … Read more
Suppositories are solid, medicated dosage forms designed for insertion into body orifices, typically the rectum or vagina, where they gradually melt, dissolve, or disperse. They are formulated to deliver therapeutic substances, such as medications or lubricants, to mucous membranes or for systemic absorption through the rectal or vaginal walls. Suppositories come in various shapes, sizes, … Read more
Emulsions can face stability challenges over time due to coalescence, creaming, flocculation, and phase separation. Several methods can be employed to overcome stability problems and enhance the shelf life of emulsions: 1. Selection of Suitable Emulsifying Agents Use emulsifiers or surfactants that are appropriate for the specific type of emulsion and the nature of the … Read more
