Explore Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with clear, exam-oriented notes covering limit tests, electrolytes, essential inorganic pharmaceuticals, assays, principles, and applications in pharmacy education and practice.
Assay of Chlorinated Lime: Chlorinated lime, chemically known as calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)â‚‚), is a white or grayish granular powder widely used as a disinfectant, bleaching agent, and water sanitizer. It is a major source of available chlorine, the active ingredient responsible for its oxidizing, germicidal, and bleaching properties. Due to its strong oxidizing nature, chlorinated…
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚. It is a pale blue liquid that appears colorless in a dilute solution, and it is commonly used as a powerful oxidizer, antiseptic, and bleaching agent. Hydrogen peroxide has applications in various industries, including healthcare, household cleaning, and industrial processes. Assay of Hydrogen Peroxide…
Boric acid (H₃BO₃) exhibits antimicrobial properties and serves multiple applications, including its use as an antiseptic and antifungal agent, inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and certain parasites. Mechanism of Action 1. Disruption of Cell Membrane: Boric acid can disrupt the microorganisms’ cell membrane, leading to cellular component leakage and, eventually, cell death. 2. Inhibition…
Potassium permanganate (KMnOâ‚„) actively demonstrates antimicrobial properties and finds common usage for diverse purposes, such as disinfection and wound care. Its effectiveness stems from its capacity to release oxygen and generate manganese dioxide when dissolved in water, thereby establishing an inhospitable environment for numerous microorganisms. Mechanism of Action 1. Oxidation: Potassium permanganate is a powerful…
The mechanisms of antimicrobials vary based on the type of microorganism they target (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) and the specific class of antimicrobial agent. Here’s an overview of the general mechanisms for different categories: 1. Antibiotics (Bacterial Infections) Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis: Antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell…
Antimicrobials refer to substances or agents that can inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents are crucial in preventing, controlling, and treating infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Different classes of antimicrobial agents are designed to target specific types of microorganisms or interfere with their growth and…
Bentonite, a clay mineral with unique properties, finds application in various industrial and health contexts. In the realm of cathartics, it is sometimes used as a natural substance to promote bowel movements and relieve constipation. Mechanism of Action 1. Absorption and Swelling: Bentonite possesses remarkable absorption and swelling capabilities. The digestive tract absorbs water and…
Kaolin, a naturally occurring clay mineral, has been used historically as a medicinal substance and, in certain contexts, as a mild cathartic. Its use as a cathartic is based on its ability to add bulk to the stool and promote bowel movements. Mechanism of Action 1. Bulk-Forming: Kaolin operates as a bulk-forming cathartic, adding volume…
Sodium orthophosphate, a type of phosphate salt, can act as a cathartic when used to induce bowel movements. Cathartics are substances or medications that promote the evacuation of the bowels and alleviate constipation. Sodium orthophosphate is sometimes employed for its osmotic properties, influencing water retention in the intestines and softening the stool. Mechanism of Action…
Cathartics, also known as laxatives, are substances or medications that promote bowel movements and alleviate constipation. These agents work by increasing the frequency or ease of bowel evacuation, often by softening the stool, promoting intestinal motility, or facilitating the retention of water in the stool. People commonly use cathartics to relieve temporary constipation, prepare the…
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