1. Introduction Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology represents one of the most transformative advances in modern biological science. It involves the artificial recombination of genetic material from different sources to create new DNA sequences that can be inserted into host organisms for expression. This process allows scientists to modify the genetic blueprint of organisms, giving rise … Read more
Introduction The field of genetic engineering and molecular biology has revolutionized the biological sciences, enabling scientists to manipulate genetic material for research, industrial, agricultural, and therapeutic applications. Central to this manipulation are three essential tools — cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases, and DNA ligase. Together, these molecular instruments form the backbone of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, … Read more
Aim: Effect of Saline Purgative on Frog Intestine 1. Objective To study the effect of a saline purgative (e.g., magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate) on the movements (motility and tone) of the isolated frog intestine preparation, and to understand its mechanism of action as a purgative agent. 2. Principle Saline purgatives are osmotic agents that … Read more
Aim: Anti-inflammatory Activity of Drugs Using Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Model References: Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of a drug using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Materials Required: 1. Adult albino rats (150-200 g) 2. Carrageenan solution (1% in saline) 3. Anti-inflammatory drug (e.g., Indomethacin, Diclofenac) 4. Normal saline 5. Micrometer screw gauge … Read more
Aim: Quality control test of (as per IP) marketed tablets and capsules. 1. Objective To evaluate the quality, uniformity, and performance of marketed tablets and capsules using standard Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) methods, ensuring compliance with pharmaceutical standards. 2. Introduction Marketed tablets and capsules must meet stringent quality standards to ensure efficacy, safety, and stability. Quality … Read more
Aim: Preparation of Ascorbic Acid Injection Objective The aim of this experiment is to prepare a sterile aqueous solution of ascorbic acid suitable for parenteral administration, ensuring the correct concentration, pH, and sterility, and adhering to pharmaceutical quality standards. Introduction Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties. It plays a … Read more
Aim: Preparation of Calcium Gluconate Injection Objective The primary objective of this experiment is to prepare a sterile, parenteral formulation of calcium gluconate, a biologically active calcium salt, suitable for intravenous administration. The experiment also aims to demonstrate accurate solution preparation, pH adjustment, sterilization techniques, and adherence to pharmaceutical quality control standards. Introduction Calcium gluconate … Read more
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the blood flow through the coronary arteries—responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle—is reduced. This restriction is mainly caused by plaque buildup, which consists of cholesterol and other substances that narrow these arteries. The most common symptom of CAD is chest pain (angina). If left untreated, CAD … Read more
Definition of Microparticles Microparticles are small, solid particles typically ranging from 1 to 1000 microns in diameter. These particles can be composed of a variety of materials such as polymers, lipids, proteins, or ceramics. Microparticles are often used in drug delivery systems, biomedical applications, and other industrial purposes. The core function of microparticles is to … Read more
Definition of Microcapsules Microcapsules are small, spherical particles that consist of a core material (typically an active ingredient like a drug, nutrient, or bioactive compound) surrounded by a protective shell or coating. The core material can be liquid, solid, or gas, and the shell is typically made from biocompatible materials, such as polymers, lipids, or … Read more
