Explore the fundamentals and advanced concepts of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics – a crucial domain in pharmaceutical sciences.
This category covers in-depth articles, study notes, MCQs, and practical insights related to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), bioavailability, bioequivalence, and pharmacokinetic modeling. Designed for B.Pharm, M.Pharm students and pharmaceutical professionals, this section helps strengthen your core understanding and exam preparation for topics like one-compartment and two-compartment models, clearance, volume of distribution, and more.
While the kidneys are the primary organ for drug elimination, a significant number of drugs and their metabolites are eliminated through non-renal routes. Non-renal excretion pathways are especially important for drugs that are highly protein-bound, lipophilic, or poorly water-soluble, and for patients with renal impairment, where renal clearance is compromised. Non-renal excretion involves multiple organs … Read more
Factors Affecting Renal Excretion of Drugs Renal excretion represents one of the most crucial pathways through which the body eliminates drugs and their metabolites. The efficiency of this system is influenced by a variety of physiological, biochemical, and physicochemical factors. The kidneys employ three synchronized mechanisms—glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption—to determine the rate … Read more
Drug elimination is an essential physiological phenomenon that dictates not only how long a drug remains within the body but also profoundly influences its therapeutic efficiency, safety profile, dosage design, and overall clinical fate. The human body, being a highly evolved biochemical system, possesses intricate defense mechanisms to handle the continuous influx of xenobiotics, including … Read more
Introduction Clinical Significance of Protein Binding: Protein binding of drugs refers to the reversible interaction between a drug and proteins in the blood, mainly albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins. This binding has crucial clinical implications because it directly affects the drug’s pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profile. Only the unbound or free form … Read more
Introduction Protein drug binding refers to the reversible interaction between a drug and plasma proteins or tissue proteins within the body. This interaction plays a significant role in determining the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug. Only the unbound or “free” fraction of the drug is pharmacologically active, able to cross biological membranes, and available … Read more
Apparent Volume of Distribution The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is a fundamental pharmacokinetic parameter that describes how a drug is distributed throughout the body relative to the concentration of the drug in the plasma. It is termed “apparent” because it does not necessarily refer to a real physiological volume, but rather represents the theoretical … Read more
Introduction to Drug Binding Binding of Drugs to Plasma: Once a drug enters systemic circulation, it does not exist entirely in a free or active form. A significant proportion of it may reversibly bind to proteins present either in the plasma or in various tissues. This binding plays a crucial role in determining the drug’s … Read more
Introduction to Drug Distribution Drug distribution is the process by which a drug is transported from the systemic circulation to various tissues and organs of the body. Once a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, it doesn’t stay confined to the blood plasma; instead, it begins to distribute into different compartments such as interstitial fluid, … Read more
Absorption of Drugs from Non-Per-Oral Absorption of Drugs from Non-Per-Oral: Drug administration via non-per-oral extravascular routes refers to delivering therapeutic agents into the body through alternative pathways that do not involve the gastrointestinal tract or direct vascular access (such as intravenous or intra-arterial routes). These methods are employed to bypass challenges like poor oral bioavailability, … Read more
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug absorption is defined as the process through which a drug molecule travels from the site of administration into the systemic circulation. In the case of orally administered pharmaceuticals, absorption occurs primarily across the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The efficiency, rate, and extent of … Read more
