📙 B.Pharm Old Syllabus Notes (Archive)
This section contains study material based on the previous syllabus of B.Pharm prescribed by the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI).
Here, you will find semester-wise and subject-wise notes that were designed according to the earlier curriculum. These notes are useful for:
⚠️ Note: The syllabus has been updated by PCI. For the latest and updated notes, please visit our B.Pharm New PCI Syllabus 2025 section.
Stay informed and choose the right syllabus for your studies.
An electrochemical cell in potentiometry consists of two main components: an indicator electrode (working electrode) and a reference electrode. These components work together to measure the electrical potential (voltage) difference between them in the presence of an analyte in the sample solution. Here’s a brief overview of the components and their roles in the electrochemical…
Analytical chemists and electrochemists widely use the potentiometry technique to measure the electrical potential (voltage) of an electrochemical cell, which often involves an indicator electrode, a reference electrode, and a sample solution. They apply this technique for various purposes in analytical chemistry and electrochemistry. Principle Potentiometry is based on the Nernst equation, which relates an…
Conductometry, a technique used to measure the electrical conductivity of solutions, finds applications in various fields, including analytical chemistry, environmental monitoring, and industrial processes. Here are some key applications of conductometry: 1. Acid-Base Titrations Scientists widely employ conductometry in acid-base titrations to determine the concentration of acids and bases A significant change in electrical conductivity…
Analytical chemistry widely uses conductometric titrations for various applications, particularly when the reactants or products of a chemical reaction are ions. Conductometric titrations are a type of chemical analysis in which you monitor the progress of a chemical reaction by measuring changes in the electrical conductivity of the reaction mixture. Here is a detailed note…
1. Introduction A conductivity cell is a fundamental electrochemical instrument designed for the measurement of electrical conductivity of solutions, particularly electrolytes. Electrical conductivity is a measure of a solution’s ability to conduct electric current and serves as an indicator of the concentration and mobility of ionic species present in the medium.Conductivity measurements play a vital…
Conductometry is an analytical technique used to measure the electrical conductivity of solutions. It is a fundamental method in analytical chemistry. It is based on the principle that the ability of a solution to conduct electricity is directly related to the concentration of ions and their mobility within the solution. Here are some key points…
Dichrometry and Titration with Potassium Dichrometry and Titration with Potassium: Dichrometry is an analytical method that quantitatively determines reducing agents in a sample using a dichromate solution as the titrant. Conduct the titration until you reach a specific endpoint, often signaled by a color change. In this note, we will explore the principles, procedures, and…
Bromometry is an analytical method that involves the quantitative determination of substances in a sample by using bromine as the titrant. In this note, we will explore the principles, procedures, and applications of bromometry. 1. Principles of Bromometry Bromometry is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction involving bromine. The oxidizing power of bromine is utilized to…
Iodometry is an analytical method that quantitatively determines oxidizing agents in a sample using iodine as the titrant. In this note, we will explore iodometry’s principles, procedures, and applications. 1. Principles of Iodometry Iodine as a Redox Indicator: Iodometry employs iodine (I₂) as a redox indicator because it readily undergoes reduction in redox reactions. It…
Cerimetry is an analytical technique that relies on the measurement of cerium(IV) ions’ concentration in a solution. In this detailed note, we will explore cerimetry’s principles, procedures, and applications. 1. Principles of Cerimetry Cerium as an Oxidizing Agent: Cerium(IV) ions (Ce⁴⁺) are a strong oxidizing agent. Cerimetry is based on the redox reaction between cerium(IV)…
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