B.Pharma Archives - Page 82 of 94

Major Extracellular and Intracellular Electrolytes

November 10, 2023 by DeepakRajput

Electrolytes are ions with essential roles in maintaining various physiological functions in the human body. They are categorized into extracellular and intracellular electrolytes, each playing distinct roles. This comprehensive overview explores the major extracellular and intracellular electrolytes, their significance, distribution, and physiological functions. 1. Extracellular Electrolytes 1.1. Sodium (Na+) Significance: Sodium is the primary cation … Read more

Nervous system: Definition, Classification and Functions

November 13, 2025November 10, 2023 by DeepakRajput

Nervous System The nervous system is a highly intricate and dynamic network that governs every aspect of bodily function, coordination, and response. At the very foundation of this complex system lies the neuron, a highly specialized and excitable cell that serves as the fundamental structural and functional unit of neural communication. Neurons facilitate the transmission … Read more

Pediatric dose calculations based on body surface area (BSA)

November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

Pediatric dose calculations based on body surface area (BSA) are particularly important for medications with a narrow therapeutic index or when dealing with older children and adolescents. Here are formulas and examples: Body Surface Area (BSA) Dosing: Formula (Mosteller): Example: Calculation: If a child has a height of 120 cm and a weight of 22 … Read more

Pediatric dose calculations based on body weight

November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

Pediatric dose calculations based on body weight are crucial for ensuring accurate and safe medication administration. Here are formulas and examples: Weight-Based Dosing 1. Formula Dose= Weight × Dose per kg 2. Examples Infants (0–1 year): If a healthcare provider prescribes an antibiotic at 20 mg/kg for an infant weighing 7 kg, the calculation is: … Read more

Pediatric Dose Calculations based on Age

November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

Pediatric dose calculations are a critical aspect of healthcare, requiring precision and consideration of age-related factors to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications administered to children. While age alone is not the sole determinant of pediatric dosing, it is a fundamental parameter in dosage calculations. Let’s delve into the considerations and methodologies involved in … Read more

Posology – Definition, Factor affecting

November 11, 2023November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

Introduction to Posology Posology is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the determination of appropriate dosages of medications for individuals. It involves understanding how different factors influence the administration of drugs to achieve optimal therapeutic effects while minimizing the risk of adverse reactions. Factors Affecting Posology 1. Patient Characteristics – Age: Dosages often … Read more

SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTIONS

November 18, 2023November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

1. Abbreviation Prescribers often use abbreviated terms in most prescriptions, leading to significant errors during interpretation by pharmacists. For example, ‘SSKI’ abbreviates ‘Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide.’ It is preferable to avoid these types of misleading abbreviations. 2. Name of the drugs Names of some drugs (especially the brand names) either look or sound alike. … Read more

HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION

November 18, 2023November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

The pharmacist should adopt the following procedures while handling the prescription for compounding and dispensing: (i) Receiving (ii) Reading and checking (iii) Collecting and weighing the materials (iv) Compounding, labeling and packaging (i) Receiving • The pharmacist should receive the prescription personally. • While receiving a prescription from a patient, a pharmacist should maintain a … Read more

PRESCRIPTIONS – Parts

November 18, 2023November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

A prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist, veterinarian, or any other registered medical practitioner to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient. Essential features of a prescription • Directions are given to the pharmacist about what type of preparation (tablet, powder, mixture, etc.) is to be prepared. … Read more

Dosage forms – Functions,Classification

November 11, 2023November 9, 2023 by DeepakRajput

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a dosage form as follows: “A pharmaceutical product, in the form in which it is presented for use, containing one or more active ingredients usually mixed with excipients.” In pharmaceuticals, a unique way to make medicine for patients is a dosage form. It aims to ensure that patients take … Read more

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