Etiology of Cell Injury Cell injury is a sequence of events that occur if the limits of adaptive capability are exceeded or no adaptive response is possible. This can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, immunological factors and nutritional cellular abnormalities. A) Acquired cause Acquired causes of cell injury are further categorized as: (a) … Read more
Cell injury is a fundamental component in the pathology of almost all diseases. It is defined as an alteration in cell structure or biochemical functioning due to stress that exceeds the cell’s capacity to adapt through normal physiological mechanisms. Cell injury occurs when cells are subjected to severe stress, exposed to damaging agents, or suffer … Read more
Adaptation refers to process by which a system seeks to restore or maintain homeostasis. Adaptive mechanism may also be referred to as compensatory mechanisms, homeostatic mechanisms, control and regulatory mechanism. Although adaptation may be physiological, psychological, behavioural, in system’s terminology adaptive mechanisms are examples of feedback to the system and may be represented by either … Read more
Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in physiology and biology, describing the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. It involves intricate regulatory mechanisms that ensure the optimal functioning of cells, tissues, organs, and systems within a narrow range of parameters. Here’s a detailed note covering various aspects of homeostasis: Introduction to Homeostasis … Read more
Pathophysiology is the study of how diseases or abnormal conditions affect the normal functioning of the body’s organs and systems. It involves understanding the physiological processes that become disrupted or altered due to various pathological conditions. Here’s a detailed note covering the introduction and basic definitions used in pathophysiology: Introduction to Pathophysiology 1. Definition: Pathophysiology … Read more
Aim: Effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus Reference: Thomas N. Thompson & Curtis D. Klaassen. The Effects of Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme Inducers on the Pharmacokinetics of Ouabain after Portal and Systemic Administration to Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 47, Issue 12A, December 1995, Pages 1041–1047. Introduction: Ciliary motility plays a … Read more
Aim: Study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice. Reference: Thomas N. Thompson & Curtis D. Klaassen. The Effects of Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme Inducers on the Pharmacokinetics of Ouabain after Portal and Systemic Administration to Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol. 47, Issue 12A, December 1995, pp. … Read more
Aim: Study of Different Routes of Drug Administration in Mice and Rats References: Objective: The objective of this experiment is to acquire practical knowledge and hands-on experience in administering drugs through different routes—oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intranasal—in mice and rats. This includes understanding the anatomical sites, proper handling, dosage calculation, and post-procedural care, … Read more
Aim: Standard Laboratory Techniques for Blood Collection, Sample Processing, Anesthetic Administration, and Humane Euthanasia in Laboratory Animals References: Objective: To provide a standardized, ethically guided protocol for key laboratory techniques in animal studies, covering blood withdrawal, sample processing, anesthesia, and euthanasia, with emphasis on animal welfare, procedural safety, and regulatory adherence. Materials Required: Procedures: 1. … Read more
Greetings, fellow learners! We’re thrilled to share a valuable educational resource with you. Our latest download is designed to enhance your understanding and proficiency in Maintenance of Laboratory Animals as per CPCSEA Guidelines Whether you’re a student, educator, or lifelong learner, this resource is tailored to empower you on your educational journey. Why Download? How … Read more
