Efflorescent Powders Definition: Efflorescence refers to the process by which a substance loses water of crystallization when exposed to air, forming a powdery residue. Efflorescent powders are substances that undergo this process, and their appearance changes as they lose water molecules. Key Characteristics 1. Water of Crystallization: – Efflorescent powders contain water molecules as … Read more
Definition Effervescent powders are a type of pharmaceutical formulation that, upon dissolution in water, produces a fizzing or effervescent reaction, resulting in a carbonated solution. These powders typically contain a combination of an organic acid (such as citric acid) and an alkali metal carbonate (such as sodium bicarbonate), along with other ingredients like flavoring agents, … Read more
Definition Dusting powders are pharmaceutical formulations in powder form that are designed for external application, typically to the skin. These powders serve various purposes, including relieving irritation, absorbing moisture, preventing friction, and treating certain skin conditions. They are finely divided, dry substances intended for topical use. Composition Dusting powders consist of active and inactive ingredients. … Read more
“Official preparations” typically refer to pharmaceutical formulations that are recognized and listed in official pharmacopeias. Pharmacopeias are authoritative texts that contain information about the properties, standards, and preparations of drugs. These texts are used by healthcare professionals, regulatory authorities, and pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of medicinal products. There are several … Read more
As pharmaceutical dosage forms, Powders play a crucial role in delivering medications to patients. Their classification into simple and compound powders is based on the complexity of their formulation, considering the number of active and inactive ingredients involved. Simple Powders Definition: Simple powders, known as powder mixtures, consist of one or more pharmacologically active substances … Read more
Definition Powders are solid dosage forms of finely divided drug substances and/or other active ingredients. They are typically dry, fine particles intended for internal or external use. Powders can be convenient and versatile for administering medications or preparing various formulations in different industries. Classification Powders can be classified based on various criteria, including their intended … Read more
In the context of solutions, the field of chemistry and pharmacy typically discusses two different concepts: proof spirit and isotonic solutions. Let’s briefly explore each term and its relation to freezing point and molecular weight: Proof Spirit Definition Historically, people used the term proof spirit to express the alcohol content in a liquid. In the … Read more
In pharmaceutical calculations, percentage solutions and allegations are commonly used for various purposes, including determining concentrations, preparing solutions, and compounding medications. Here’s an overview of calculations involving percentage solutions and allegations: Percentage Solutions Calculation of Percentage: The percentage is calculated as (part/whole) 100. For example, to calculate the percentage concentration of a drug in a … Read more
The Imperial and Metric systems are different weights and measures used worldwide. They have different units for measuring length, weight, volume, and other quantities. Here’s a brief overview of each system: Imperial System The Imperial System, also known as the British Imperial System, is a system of units for measurement that was historically used in … Read more
Assay of Calcium Gluconate Assaying calcium gluconate involves determining its purity and concentration. This is typically done through various analytical techniques, including titration, spectroscopy, and chromatography. 1. Titration: Titrate calcium gluconate with a standardized solution of a complexing agent, such as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Determine the endpoint of the titration through a color change, and … Read more
