Impact of Urbanization on Health & Disease: Urbanization—the process by which an increasing proportion of a population comes to reside in cities and towns—is one of the most transformative phenomena of modern civilization. While it is often associated with economic growth, technological advancement, and improved access to services, it also exerts profound and complex influences … Read more
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health: Health is not merely the absence of disease, but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, as defined by the World Health Organization. To understand health in its fullest essence, we must look beyond biology and clinical conditions and delve into … Read more
Malnutrition and Its Prevention: Malnutrition is not merely the absence of sufficient food—it is a silent and deeply rooted crisis that gnaws at the very foundation of human potential. It is both a cause and a consequence of disease, poverty, ignorance, and social inequality. A malnourished individual is not only physically weak, but also mentally … Read more
Social Causes of Diseases: The intricate relationship between health and society is a central theme in medical sociology and public health. Disease is not merely a biological or physiological phenomenon but is deeply embedded in the social fabric of human existence. The causes of disease often extend far beyond the realm of microbes and malfunctioning … Read more
1. Concept of Disease Prevention Disease prevention refers to strategies and measures that aim to reduce the occurrence of disease, stop its progression, or minimize its consequences. These actions are taken before, during, or after the onset of disease to ensure better health outcomes. 1.1 Objectives of Disease Prevention 2. Levels of Prevention The concept … Read more
Concept of Health and Disease The concept of health and disease is fundamental to all health-related disciplines, including pharmacy, medicine, nursing, and public health. In recent decades, our understanding of these concepts has expanded dramatically—from a narrow biomedical view to a much broader, multidimensional perspective. For pharmacy students and professionals, understanding these concepts is not … Read more
Comparative Observational Studies: Observational studies hold a central and indispensable place in the realm of clinical research and epidemiology. Unlike experimental designs such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), where researchers deliberately assign exposures to study their effects on outcomes, observational studies passively observe individuals in real-world settings without intervention. This approach reflects actual scenarios and … Read more
While passive surveillance relies on spontaneous or voluntary reporting, active surveillance involves proactive, organized, and systematic efforts to detect, collect, and assess information about adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or vaccine-related events. It is considered more reliable for assessing causality, estimating incidence rates, and evaluating drug safety in specific populations. Active Surveillance Active surveillance is critical … Read more
Passive Surveillance in Pharmacovigilance: Pharmacovigilance plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety of medicinal products, including vaccines, throughout their life cycle. Among the various techniques employed in pharmacovigilance, passive surveillance remains one of the most extensively used due to its feasibility, broad scope, and utility in the early detection of safety signals. Understanding Passive … Read more
1. Introduction of Vaccine Safety Surveillance Vaccine Safety Surveillance: Vaccines represent one of the most significant medical achievements in human history, having drastically reduced morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. However, like all medical interventions, vaccines are not completely devoid of risks. Ensuring their safety is a crucial component of public health, particularly in … Read more
