“Pharmacology Unit 1 introduces the basic concepts of pharmacology, including drug classification, routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics essential for understanding drug action.”
1. Introduction of Kinetics of Elimination Drug elimination is a vital pharmacokinetic process that refers to the irreversible removal of active drug molecules from the body. It primarily occurs through metabolism (biotransformation) and excretion. Together with absorption and distribution, elimination determines the duration and intensity of a drug’s pharmacological action. Understanding the kinetics of elimination … Read more
Enzyme Induction and Enzyme Inhibition: In the field of pharmacology, understanding the mechanisms that regulate drug metabolism is of paramount importance. Drug metabolism governs the pharmacokinetics of a drug—how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME)—and therefore has a direct influence on its therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicity. The liver is the principal organ … Read more
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics refers to the study of how drugs move through the body. It involves several key processes including membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding these processes is crucial for predicting how drugs will behave within the body, determining appropriate dosages, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. 1. Membrane Transport Membrane transport is how drugs … Read more
These substances, known as allergens, can trigger an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, insect stings, and certain medications. Key points about allergies include 1. Immune Response: Allergic reactions result from the immune system mistakenly identifying a harmless substance as a threat. The immune system then … Read more
Idiosyncrasy refers to an individual’s unique and unexpected response to a drug, treatment, or substance that is not a typical reaction observed in the general population. These reactions are often unpredictable and may result from a person’s particular genetic makeup or other individual factors. Key Characteristics of Idiosyncratic Reactions 1. Unpredictability Idiosyncratic reactions are not … Read more
Tachyphylaxis, also known as acute tolerance, is a phenomenon characterized by a swift and temporary decrease in the response to a drug following its rapid or repeated administration. Unlike traditional tolerance, which develops over time with prolonged drug use, tachyphylaxis occurs rapidly within a short period, often within the same administration or over a few … Read more
Tolerance is a phenomenon in pharmacology characterized by a diminished response to a drug after repeated or prolonged use. In other words, as the body adapts to the presence of a drug, a higher dose is required to produce the same initial effect. Tolerance can develop to various effects of a drug, including therapeutic effects, … Read more
Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain. It is a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors that lead to the development and persistence of addictive behaviours. Key Components of Addiction 1. Compulsive Behavior – Individuals with addiction … Read more
“Spare receptors” is a concept in pharmacology that refers to a situation where maximal biological response is achieved with less than maximal occupancy of receptors by agonists. In other words, more receptors are available for activation than are necessary to produce the maximum physiological effect. This phenomenon has implications for understanding drug action and receptor … Read more
Agonists and Antagonists In pharmacology, agonists and antagonists are terms used to describe the effects of drugs on biological receptors. Agonists activate receptors, mimicking the action of endogenous compounds, while antagonists block or inhibit receptor activation. This comprehensive exploration will explore the mechanisms, types, and examples of agonists and antagonists, including competitive and noncompetitive antagonists. … Read more
