B.Pharma

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Perforated Basket Centrifuge: Definition, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits

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Screenshot 2025 03 05 141850 Perforated Basket Centrifuge: Definition, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits

A perforated basket centrifuge is a commonly used machine in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries for solid-liquid separation. Its structure includes a perforated basket that rotates at high speeds to generate centrifugal force, which drives liquid out of the mixture while retaining solids. This type of centrifuge is widely appreciated for its simplicity, ease … Read more

Centrifugation in Pharmaceuticals: Objectives, Principle, and Applications

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Screenshot 2025 03 05 140820 Centrifugation in Pharmaceuticals: Objectives, Principle, and Applications

Centrifugation is a critical process in pharmaceutical research, development, and manufacturing. It uses centrifugal force to separate components of a mixture based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity of the medium. This technique is instrumental in isolating and purifying compounds, including drug molecules, and separating biological materials such as cells, organelles, and proteins. … Read more

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) refer to unintended and harmful reactions that occur in response to the administration of medications at normal therapeutic doses. These reactions can manifest in various forms, ranging from mild discomfort to severe adverse effects, and they can occur immediately after drug intake or after prolonged use. ADRs are distinct from the … Read more

Pharmacovigilance Program of India (PvPI)

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Pharmacovigilance Program of India

The Pharmacovigilance Program of India (PvPI) is a national initiative launched by the Government of India to ensure the safety of medicines used by the Indian population. It aims to monitor, detect, assess, and prevent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and ensure that medicines available in the market are safe and effective for public use. PvPI … Read more

WHO International Drug Monitoring Programme

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Screenshot 2025 02 28 151750 WHO International Drug Monitoring Programme

The WHO International Drug Monitoring Programme, Programme for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM) is a global initiative established by the World Health Organization (WHO) to improve patient safety by monitoring the safety of medicinal products worldwide. Launched in 1968 in response to the thalidomide disaster, the program seeks to detect, assess, understand, and prevent adverse effects … Read more

Importance of Safety Monitoring of Medicines

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Screenshot 2025 02 28 112206 Importance of Safety Monitoring of Medicines

Safety monitoring of medicines, often referred to as pharmacovigilance, is a critical process that ensures the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical products throughout their lifecycle. While clinical trials provide valuable insights into a drug’s efficacy and safety, these trials are limited in terms of the number of patients, the duration of the study, and … Read more

World Health Organization (WHO) and the Formation of the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC)

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Screenshot 2025 02 28 111608 World Health Organization (WHO) and the Formation of the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC)

The World Health Organization (WHO) took a leading role in global pharmacovigilance efforts. In 1968, WHO established its International Drug Monitoring Programme, which initially involved ten countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, West Germany (now part of Germany)). This program aimed to improve drug safety by encouraging countries … Read more

The Thalidomide Disaster: A Tragedy That Transformed Drug Regulation

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Screenshot 2025 02 22 155124 The Thalidomide Disaster: A Tragedy That Transformed Drug Regulation

Introduction: The Thalidomide Disaster is one of the most infamous medical tragedies in history. It occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s when the drug thalidomide was widely prescribed to pregnant women to relieve morning sickness, leading to severe birth defects in thousands of newborns worldwide. This disaster led to major reforms in drug … Read more

History and Development of Pharmacovigilance: Sulfanilamide and Thalidomide Tragedy

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Screenshot 2025 02 22 153906 History and Development of Pharmacovigilance: Sulfanilamide and Thalidomide Tragedy

Early Beginnings: The practice of pharmacovigilance can be traced back to the early 20th century, though its formal development began much later. Drug safety issues have been a concern since the introduction of modern pharmaceuticals, but the actual systematic reporting and monitoring mechanisms were non-existent until mid-20th century. The Sulfanilamide Tragedy (1937): A Turning Point … Read more

Introduction to Pharmacovigilance

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Screenshot 2025 02 20 202225 Introduction to Pharmacovigilance

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The term is derived from two words: “Pharmakon” (Greek) meaning drug, and “Vigilare” (Latin) meaning to keep watch. The goal of pharmacovigilance is to enhance patient safety and ensure that the benefits … Read more