Vagus Nerve

Anatomy and physiology of parasympathetic nervous system

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The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, alongside the sympathetic nervous system. While the sympathetic system is associated with the “fight or flight” response, the parasympathetic system is known for its role in promoting a “rest and digest” state. Let’s explore the anatomy and physiology … Read more

Cranial Nerves: Anatomy, Functions, and Clinical Significance

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The human nervous system includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each emerging directly from the brain rather than the spinal cord. These nerves play critical roles in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic regulation in the head, neck, and thoracic-abdominal regions. Understanding the anatomy and function of each cranial nerve is crucial for neurological assessment, … Read more