Nicotine

Drug Abuse: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Strategies

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IntroductionDrug abuse, medically referred to as substance abuse, signifies the deliberate, recurrent, and harmful consumption of psychoactive substances—including both legal and illegal drugs—which adversely affects an individual’s physical health, mental stability, emotional well-being, and social life. It is a growing global health concern that not only impacts individuals but also reverberates through families, communities, and … Read more

Central Nervous System Stimulants

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Central Nervous System Stimulants Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulants comprise a diverse and pharmacologically significant class of psychoactive substances that exert excitatory effects on the brain and spinal cord. These agents function primarily by enhancing the synaptic activity of various excitatory neurotransmitters—most notably dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—resulting in a heightened state of mental alertness, elevated … Read more

Addiction: Understanding the Complex Phenomenon

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Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain. It is a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors that lead to the development and persistence of addictive behaviours. Key Components of Addiction 1. Compulsive Behavior    – Individuals with addiction … Read more

Cholinergic drugs

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Cholinergic drugs are a class of medications that mimic or enhance the effects of acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter plays a vital role in the nervous system and the communication between nerve cells and muscles. Acetylcholine plays a role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, regulation of heart rate, gastrointestinal function, and memory. Cholinergic drugs can … Read more