A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when there is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to the damage or death of brain cells. Strokes can be ischemic, caused by a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain, or hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding within the brain. Etiopathogenesis: … Read more
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects cognitive functions, particularly memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia, a condition characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. Etiopathogenesis: The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood, but it … Read more
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Dopamine Depletion: Progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. 2. Lewy Bodies: Accumulation of abnormal protein … Read more
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures are episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that lead to various symptoms, ranging from brief periods of unconsciousness to unusual movements or sensations. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Idiopathic (Primary) Epilepsy: No identifiable cause; likely genetic factors play a role. 2. Symptomatic (Secondary) Epilepsy: Structural … Read more
Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), leading to a slowdown of various bodily functions. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis): An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and gradual destruction of thyroid tissue. … Read more
Definition: COPD is a progressive respiratory disease characterized by chronic airflow limitation due to inflammation of the airways and destruction of lung tissue. The term COPD encompasses two main conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is often associated with exposure to harmful gases or particles, primarily cigarette smoke, but also environmental pollutants. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Smoking: … Read more
Definition: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are different types of diabetes, with the most common being Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune Destruction: The immune system mistakenly attacks and … Read more
Definition: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchospasm, and increased airway responsiveness to various stimuli. It is a common respiratory condition that can affect individuals of all ages. Etiopathogenesis: The exact cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it is likely to involve a combination of … Read more
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a chronic medical condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively, leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues and congestion of fluids in the lungs and other parts of the body. It is a progressive condition that affects the heart’s ability to meet the body’s oxygen and nutrient demands. … Read more
Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream, including cholesterol and triglycerides. These abnormal lipid levels can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the deposition of fatty plaques on arterial walls, leading to cardiovascular diseases. Etiopathogenesis 1. Genetic Factors: Familial hyperlipidemias, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, involve genetic mutations … Read more
