Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is encased within the vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae. The structure of the spinal cord can be divided into several regions: 1. Gray Matter: Gray Matter refers to the … Read more
Structure and functions of the brain Structure and functions of the brain: The brain is a complex organ with various structures that work together to regulate numerous physiological and cognitive functions. It is broadly divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. Each of these structures has distinct anatomical features … Read more
Central Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, encased in protective layers and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Understanding the anatomy and functions of the meninges, ventricles of the brain, and CSF is crucial for comprehending CNS health, pathology, and therapeutic interventions. 1. Meninges The meninges are three protective … Read more
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in transmitting signals across synapses in the nervous system. These signaling molecules transmit information from one neuron to another or from neurons to target cells (e.g., muscles or glands). Neurotransmitters can be classified based on various criteria, and each type has specific properties. Here’s a classification … Read more
A synapse is a specialized junction that allows communication between neurons or between a neuron and its target cell, such as a muscle or gland. Synapses play a critical role in transmitting signals within the nervous system. They can be classified based on various criteria, and each type has distinct properties. Here’s a classification and … Read more
Receptors can be classified based on various criteria, including their location, mechanism of action, and the types of signals to which they respond. Here’s a broad classification and an overview of the properties of receptors: Based on Location 1. Cell Surface Receptors: Integral Membrane Proteins: These receptors are embedded within and typically span the plasma … Read more
An action potential is a rapid and transient change in the membrane potential of a cell, particularly in excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells. This phenomenon is a key mechanism for transmitting signals within the nervous system and initiating muscle contractions. The process of an action potential involves a series of electrical events that … Read more
Electrophysiology is a specialized branch of physiology that focuses on the study of electrical properties in biological cells, tissues, and organs. This field examines how electrical signals are generated, transmitted, and regulated within living organisms. By analyzing electrical currents and voltage fluctuations, electrophysiology provides vital insights into the functioning of the nervous system, cardiac tissues, … Read more
Nerve fibers Nerve fibers, also known as axons, are the long, thread-like projections of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit electrical impulses and information throughout the nervous system. These fibers can be classified based on various criteria, and their properties vary accordingly. Here’s a classification and overview of nerve fibers based on different characteristics: Classification of … Read more
Neuroglia, or glial cells or simply glia, are a group of non-neuronal cells that provide essential support and protection for neurons within the nervous system. The term “neuroglia” comes from Greek, with “neuron” meaning nerve and “glia” meaning glue, reflecting the historical perception of these cells as a kind of glue holding the nervous tissue … Read more
