Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common male sexual dysfunction characterized by the rapid release of semen, often occurring soon after the initiation of sexual activity and with minimal stimulation. This condition can adversely affect the sexual satisfaction and emotional well-being of both the individual and their partner. While there is …
DeepakRajput 
Beer and Lambert’s Law
Beer and Lambert’s Law is a fundamental principle in spectroscopy that relates the absorption of light by a medium to its concentration and path length. It is widely used in analytical chemistry, physics, and biochemistry to quantify the concentration of analytes in solution. Statement of Beer-Lambert Law The law states: …
Solvent Effect on Absorption Spectra
The absorption spectrum of a molecule represents how it absorbs light across various wavelengths. The environment of a molecule, particularly the solvent it is dissolved in, plays a crucial role in influencing its electronic transitions and, consequently, its absorption spectrum. The solvent can shift the absorption maxima, alter the intensity …
Spectral Shifts: Definition, Types, Factors, and Applications
Spectral shifts refer to changes in the position of the absorption or emission peaks of a molecule in a spectrum, often resulting from changes in the molecule’s environment, structure, or interactions. These shifts occur in response to variations in solvent polarity, pH, temperature, or the presence of substituents. Types of …
Auxochromes: Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Applications
An auxochrome is a functional group that does not itself absorb light in the visible spectrum but, when attached to a chromophore, modifies the chromophore’s ability to absorb light. It enhances the absorption intensity and often shifts the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax)​of the chromophore. Characteristics of Auxochromes 1. Functional …
Chromophores: Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Applications
A chromophore is a part of a molecule responsible for its color by absorbing light in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, or infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It contains electrons that undergo electronic transitions when exposed to light of specific wavelengths, resulting in absorption. Characteristics of Chromophores 1. Conjugated …
Electronic Transitions
Electronic transitions are the movements of electrons between energy levels (orbitals) in a molecule or atom when they absorb or emit energy, such as photons of light. These transitions form the basis of techniques like UV-visible spectroscopy and are critical in understanding the optical and electronic properties of materials. Types …
UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Introduction, Principle, Components, Applications
Introduction UV-Visible spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the absorption or reflectance of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light (200–800 nm) by a substance. It is widely used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of molecules in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. Principle of UV-Visible Spectroscopy The technique is based on …
Electrophoresis: Introduction, methodology, development techniques, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Introduction: Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical technique used to separate charged molecules, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, based on their size, shape, and charge under the influence of an electric field. When an electric current is applied to a solution containing charged particles, these molecules move toward the electrode …
Paper Chromatography: Introduction, methodology, development techniques, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Introduction Paper chromatography is a simple and effective analytical technique used to separate and identify mixtures of substances. This method is classified under partition chromatography, where separation occurs based on the differential partitioning of solutes between a mobile phase (solvent) and a stationary phase (paper). It was first introduced in …
